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May 19, 1919 from 2000 to

Son güncelleme: 13.10.2010 10:43
byHaktan byHaktan foto
  • 19 Mayıs İle İlgili Makale - 19 Mayıs 1919'dan 2000'e - İngilizce Makaleler
    ASSOC. DR. AYLANUR ATAKLI (*)

    INTRODUCTION

    80 years ago May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha's landing in Samsun in other words, starting with the national struggle, Erzurum, Sivas kongreleriyle Mudanya 11 October 1922, resulting in an agreed and reminds the Turkish War of Independence. 1. World War II are intertwined with one another more, and the result of the War of Independence. The purpose of the War of Independence, to establish a fully independent state.
    Since it can be examined, the historical literature (1, 2), not only the commander of his country, acquiring trouble trouble, they resort to seeking, collecting societies of the great leader Mustafa Kemal Pasha, decisions, friends of the Rauf Orbay, Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Ali Fethi Okyar, Kazim Karabekir and Ismet Inonu often gather in Istanbul with the participation in subsequent decisions about the future started to take. At that time, Samsun, Vezirköprü, Merzifon and increased attacks on the people of Islamic gangs in the neighborhood of the Pontic Greeks, but the events in the region by detecting the cause of the Allied Powers on the contrary, the situation of Turks demonstrated in the form of attacks on Christians.

    Samsun's strategic importance is great; and a natural harbor, and the gateway to the Black Sea to Anatolia. If the social structure of the complex. So the government will take the necessary measures needed a reliable one. Ferid Pasha cabinet, but that region of the appointment of a commander wants to act according to your wishes. Removing some of the politicians of the day in Istanbul, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, have benefited from their accounts. Thought to have been connected to the Sultan Mustafa Kemal Pasha, with the help of close friends and wise king and his government by establishing good relations as a result of 30Nisan 9, 1919 The army has been appointed as inspector. The task of counting the opportunity to Anatolia, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, trust officer with 18 moves Bandirma ferry to Samsun on May 16, 1919.

    There are two thoughts in mind the way to Anatolia: Independence and freedom. In other words, throw the enemy dormitory, personal sovereignty (crowned) to put an end. Sultan Mustafa Kemal knows the idea of independence, even support. But the freedom does not know that the idea of national sovereignty. Mustafa Kemal was already being informed of this mission will last. Arrived in Samsun on May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the historical task to be started. May 19, 1919 was a turning point for Anatolia and the Turkish nation.

    Considering to establish a state based on national sovereignty, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, will establish the basic organs of the state legislature to create new works in the collection starts. Parliament takes its name from the council convened in Ankara on April 20, 1920, and selects the president, Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Parliament would have emerged with the establishment of a new government. The purpose of redemption of the first parliament of the country. 16 March 1920, a law issued by the Assembly from the Ottoman Empire, has accepted and all contracts made with foreign governments are left to deal with Ankara.

    October 13 1923'deAnkara'nın the capital being at home and abroad is a serious message in the way of the Sultanate dönülemeyeceği management is given. Then on October 29, 1923, 1921 amendments to the Constitution of the Republic is proclaimed. Accordingly, the unconditional dominance of the nation, the administration will form the basis of people's self-determination based on the opinion adopted by the Commission itself.


    May 19 Youth and Sports Day

    He told the beginning of the Feast of Youth and Sports (3): Mustafa Kemal Atatürk set foot in Samsun on May 19, 1919 to begin the fight against the national anniversary of the day, on June 20, 1938 and Law No. 3466 was adopted as a national holiday. Each year, the 19th day of May, physical education and sports shows are available everywhere in Turkey. (12 May 1916 in Turkey show, the first male physical education teacher made school students, male teachers after school, usually in May each year and this shows the students to repeat a tradition brought here. "Gymnastics festival", "mektepliler Day," " workout holiday "," Fitness Day "in the name of this ongoing demonstrations spread to all schools over time.

    Ministry of Education since 1927 by taking over the organization of the demonstrations during the third week of May each year, these demonstrations have been started in various regions of Turkey). In 1938, the 19th day of May, "Youth and Sports Day" is the official feast day of the demonstrations were enacted after this, for this feast, "the mountain of smoke took his head," march, was adopted as the anthem of youth. Athletes, the national struggle of Atatürk in Samsun began their land, running from May 19, sprint, resulting in Ankara ulaştırmasıyla done since then.
    Reflection of the National Struggle Movement and the Education of the Republic.

    As is known, the basic institution of the Ottoman madrasa education and training scheme is based on religion. In addition, schools are neighborhood schools and the palace. Ottoman rule 18 century, primary education is compulsory, middle school, military academy, medical school, such as opening of schools and high schools, such as increasing the number of innovations in the field of education has made a team. However, the patterns of medieval aşamamış and scientific level of education has not reached any time. Together we carried the old and new educational institutions, has created confusion in education. With the principles of the Republic, the education system in this case, the Ottomans bağdaşmamıştır transfer.
    The National Struggle movement to result in success on the Turkish society to the level of contemporary civilization, wishing Ataturk, to accomplish this goal has started the movement of radical revolution. The new form of government, must establish their own training scheme has emerged.

    National, secular and modern society with the idea of a national education and take place in Ankara in 1921, Congress of Education in order to create a national education program was collected. With the aim of the Republican National education, has adopted the principles of national sovereignty and full independence, national unity and integrity has been adopted as the emphasis on cultivating generations. In this case worked for National Education to transport facilities with modern and secular, on the basis of exchange of culture and civilization is based on the underlying principles of Ataturk's principles and reforms constituted the essence of the Turkish National Education Policy.

    14 August 1923, read in Parliament the representatives of executive committee of National Education, part of the program to follow Ataturk's ideas and policy directives of education were as follows (4):
    1-Education policy will be based on the principle of unity.
    2-Maarif three tasks, children's training, public education, to educate the national güzidelerin.
    3-Ministry of Education to make this task will be provided the necessary means.
    4 - Elementary schools and middle schools, elementary school teacher and inspector of schools to train teachers for boys and girls will be opened in the middle.
    5 - certain parts of the country, male and female teachers' colleges, high schools will open in a full circuit.
    6-A physical education teacher training school will open.
    7-importance given to the education of women, girls schools and high schools will open for this girl's first teacher.

    Ataturk's speeches on different dates and places that, national education is an indication that it is important to recover from the enemy who occupied residence (5): "society's most devoted and respected people of teachers all over the world." "The real target, and happiness for our country and nation need two armies. One soldier saved the life of the country's army, the other is the cultural army that kneads the future of the nation." "The most important and fundamental task of the government, a matter of education." Save nations, only teachers. "Also, Ismet Inonu, the" primary issue, a matter of being the nation, "he shows the importance given to education. Compared with today, the start of the Republic years (1920-1952), secular education, transport facilities and the teacher's reputation is high in terms of the period referred to with pride.

    "revolutions of Ataturk and his colleagues have established the Republic, the most important because it protects them yetiştirilmişse idealistic teachers train the teaching staff are to have the same qualifications (6). On the other hand, "the early years of the Republic, where today you look at the beautiful training progression after we wretched old teachers of Turkish National Education sızlatmaktadır heart. Education order is why it has been felt? Because the Kemalist uzaklaşılıp line, the principle of full independence is lost" (7).

    As is known, the Republican era in education has been very long way. Professor in 1924, the United States. John Dewey, 1925 Dr.Köhne Germany, Belgium, 1927 Buyse Dr.Omer invited to be established whether the comments were about the new education system. In particular, John Dewey, "children's programs and teaching methods to accommodate the needs of life," still remains a proposal. Unification of Education Act of 1924, the closure of dervish and dervish lodges, which started in 1928 as a literacy campaign and public education, public educational institution which is the beginning, the laws related to the teaching profession, the start of mixed education, case-revolution, the establishment of the Turkish Historical Society, the Turkish Language Authority's establishment, training of teachers for rural schools, 1961 Primary Education Act, 1739 the Basic Law of National Education, Higher Education Law No. 2547, 8Yıllık Compulsory Basic Education Law, the basic pillar of the Republican era of class and branch teacher training efforts.

    During this period, emphasis was given to the fine arts museum, the first job here was as the palaces. Painting and Sculpture Museum was established, the foundation laid conservatory, has been leading the development of Turkish theater.
    The Governments of the Republic, the Republic since its establishment, training, education and training system to respond better to the needs of the day always gave importance to. However, as in every country, we have also experienced a number of problems that are inevitable. The main problem areas are: insufficient funding, centralization, crowded classrooms, teaching staff training issue, according to the student's interest and ability to be kurulamamış student-centered educational system, rapid population growth and the lack of the principle of continuity. "Change in continuity of change and sometimes even more so is generally agreed to be very effective" (8). Another problem is "the teacher training system is the dominant element in the human resources to evaluate the entry.

    Training managers and supervisors at all times remain outside the areas of interest in education policy makers. So far the interest and priorities of teacher training focused on the intensification of the school administrator training, teacher training is a more fundamentalist attitude will. distinguished teachers in the province, district offices and schools, national education manager with expertise outside of the status of their execution is not true "(9).

    CONCLUSION

    As mentioned above, education has gained importance after Republican issue. Today, the most discussed topics at the beginning of our country, our children come from the quality of education offered. Continuous education as a good reason, the first years of the Republic, a craving, since there is criticism. However, as soon as possible is important to take lessons from the past, the future in light of plânlayabilmektir present. In this context, the great leader Ataturk's national, scientific, democratic and secular education conception worthy of the most important of the recommendations are presented below for a more seamless education system:

    1-administrator, teacher, parent, student interaction should be strengthened.
    2.Okul manager and teacher education should not be compromised.
    3.Aileyi impossible to educate children with the idea of educating, training programs for families organized.
    Avoid 4.Ezber training, all types and levels of thinking skills developed in school, in other words, the brain's information, selection, supervision, relate, work like a machine should be provided for reproduction (10). Thinking skills in gaining the most fundamental cause of the defect, is given the opportunity by educators (11).
    5.Eğitim activities should be student-centered.
    6. The aim is not to teach in education, training should be shown as acquired knowledge of behavior.
    7.İstihdamda should be given authority and responsibility to local governments, so that the unfair distribution prevented, according to local conditions created the opportunity to pay more wages (12).
    8. Training staff personnel be removed from the law.
    9.Nüfus growth rate should be reduced.
    10. The principle of continuity in education should be adopted.

    ___________________________________

    (*) Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Services Vocational High School.


    (1) Mustafa Yilmaz and others, the Republic of Turkey of Ataturk and History, Political Publishing House,
    Ankara, 1998, s.89-91.
    (2) Peter Kansav, Date (OSS-LMS), Lightning Publications s.269.
    (3) Square Larousse Encyclopedia, Volume 5, Field Publications, Istanbul, s.98.
    (4) Zia Karamuk, 50.Yılında national education system of the Republic. National Education Press,
    Istanbul, 1973, p.24-25.
    (5) Hussein H. Tekışık, "Village Institutes", Contemporary Education Review, Number 242, 1998, p.1-2.
    (6) Winnie Karagözoğlu, "Ataturk's reforms and the Role of Teacher", Symposium on Primary Education in the Republic, Book 75. Hussein H. Tekışık Educational Research. Arrival. Centre, 1998, p.70.
    (7) Talia Apaydın, "150Yıl Thoughts", Contemporary Education Review, Number 241, 1998, p.49.
    (8) Avni Akyol, "in the 2000 Primary Education", Symposium on Primary Education in the Republic, Book 75, Hussein H. Tekışık Araş.Gel.Eğit.Merezi, 1998, s.316.
    (9) Aytac Açıkalın, "KırkYıl KırkYıl Before After", Journal of National Education, number 137, 1998, p.17-19.
    (10) Hussein Success, "Ideas for Development Education", National EğitimDergisi, number 140, 1998, p.4.
    (11) Lisbeth J. Brown, "Developing Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills With Children's Books" Children Education, vol 63, 1986, p. 102-106.
    (12) Wholesale Koksal, "Information Age," Towards the Republic, 75 in the Symposium Book of Primary Education, Hussein H. Tekışık Edu. Res. Come on. Centre, 1998, s.323.
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