By Spirit of the occupation of İzmir the National Struggle
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19 Mayıs İle İlgili Makale - İzmir'in İşgali İle Uyanan Millî Mücadele Ruhu ve Bunun Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Samsun ve Havza'dan Yazdığı Raporlardaki Yansıması - İngilizce Makaleler - İngilizce 19 Mayıs Makaleleri
Awakened by the Spirit of the National Fight Against Occupation of Izmir and Samsun Mustafa Kemal Pasha, and that the reports Havza Icon Image
ASSOC. OD. ALB. CEMALETTİN TAŞKIRAN (*)
With the occupation of Izmir by the Greeks in Anatolia, Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Istanbul to start the task of separation coincides almost the same dates. The Greeks began the occupation of Izmir on May 15, 1919. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, also a ferry to Samsun on May 16, 1919 together with his entourage set out correctly. However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, people moving to Istanbul, May 15, 1919, to bid farewell to the General Staff and the Istanbul government has undergone Babiali.
Removed from the news of the Greek forces during a farewell visit to Izmir Babıâli'deki learned, confused and hectic government with members of the Home Affairs Minister Mehmet Ali Bey, the Minister of Marine Affairs, "What do you imagine doing?" She asked, "We will protest!" when you receive the answer to the "this is necessary, correct. However, such a protest with the British, the Greeks from Izmir back raffles or give them back to the possibility çekeceklerine Do?" he asked again, and "think more decisive measures." (1), saying the government has warned its members.
Thus, the occupation of İzmir, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the first day the government learned the next day to ensure peace in the region of responsibility, self-collected and parts of existing weapons and ammunition, and the possible recall against an attack trying to put the start the task of distributing şûraları (2) to Istanbul than divided.
As is known, the occupation of Izmir and Istanbul, Anatolia, and has created a very great sorrow and anguish. People all the homes in both Istanbul and the error of this unfair practice, and the Entente states, and tried to access it through any publicity to announce the "resistance" to awaken consciousness started.
No that are not organized by anyone, just because people are coming together in the national consciousness, all over the country in protest They started to rally and protest rallies, and this wave of great excitement telgraflarıyla also covered the entire dormitory.
It can put the occupation of Izmir with the Turkish people against the occupation uyanmıştır consciousness. Under the control of forces occupied Istanbul in protest rallies held in various places, even the people around here very exciting and made speeches all over the world to fight the decision and tried to duyurulmaya justification. Then, as described Mustafa Kemal Pasha began its work in this exciting new telgraflarda clearly reflected by Samsun and Istanbul Havza. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the occupation of Izmir with the awakening of this "spirit of the national struggle" very well directed, protest rallies everywhere, made protest telegrams to Istanbul and Allied states posed nude and the national liberation struggle the first spark of a torch created by collecting together.
In this study we try to show Mustafa Kemal Pasha telgraflarındaki national spirit and excitement. However, the Greek occupation of Izmir, the Turkish government for its national excitement of the game we want to show a few different examples:
One such example is an activity carried out in the city of Izmir was occupied. 16 May 1919, Izmir Defence Law Society of Osmaniye, Istanbul, statesmen, and the U.S. representative to protest the occupation and has taken the following way telegrams :"...
Europe, ten million Muslims and Turks decides to death and destruction, our nation do not agree with it, and the sake of the homeland, will be ready to die heroically in a collision. to date, how to defend the existence of an entire nation will die ..."( 3)
One of the examples in the control of forces occupied Istanbul, "the occupation protests, rallies. Robert, Uskudar, Kadikoy Istanbul, such as the Sultan Ahmet Square, and several neighborhoods were very large crowds attended rallies. The Sultan Ahmet Square, the rally on May 28, 1919 about 200.000 people had attended. This rally speech writer Halide Edip poet Mehmet Emin Yurdakul and national feelings of the people expressed her death. Especially Halide Edip "...
Spirit of the 700-year history in the heavens watching this faciasını minarets of Ottoman history today. This massive, organized processions of victory in this historic square in the spirit of the ecdatlarımızın is watching us. I lasted an undefeated record in front of the children of enlisted men at the other end of worlds, and I swear I'm hanging on. I say, today cut the arms of the Turks lost the heart of the old bravery and courage ... Allah and the rights of nations based on divine right, as the Turkish nation, I would proclaim to the world of all Muslims and Turks ... This is a tremendous meeting, this love, patriotism and love of God, here we stand nothing quite ayıramayacaktır ... "(4) collected in the form of speech very duygulandırmıştır crowd cry.
Against the national excitement of the occupation of Izmir, the third is an example showing the Giresun. The rally May 17 at the end of 2 days after the invasion 1919'daGiresun'da Organizations General in Istanbul and the sultan's government raids drew a telegram. Telegram captured the Grand Vizier "... We do not want to see your government official communiqué idamımızı. ... We would like to appeal to the Turkish Grand Vizier knowing the Greeks of Izmir has been annexed district of Giresun akissiz will not hear that day. And no force çeviremeyecektir our resolve ..." Organizations General Sultan also pulling the following telegram: "O great Hakan Izmir tacından painting with the blood of the apple they pick Turks. Place tomorrow, will come to us, we are circulating many years serhatlarda Turks, not a rope, bayonet ready to give life. Semamızda flag taken al day, take a blood that emerald mountains serilecek flag. Dökeceğimiz will participate in the blood, bayrağımıza giydirecek crown, carries the blood of Ali Osman, Orhan, Ertuğrul send a son ... " (5)
Erzurum, the telegram notifying Upon receipt of the occupation of Izmir, 18 May 1919, made a protest rally. Representatives of the Allied States occupied after the protest rally was taken in by telegraph, the Greek occupation of Izmir :"... condemned attack, in the face of disaster which we are very excited and wounded Turks, varlığımıza downloaded the removal of this coup, the rights and Niche repair state has destroyed the character of justice and hope insaniyetli ... " (6)
Rally protesting the occupation of Izmir and Denizli in Denizli, Mufti Ahmed Hulusi Bey, "... the people of occupied lands of the winding up arms and fight the assumed-i ayn'dır ..."," ... no weapon in your hand or even Take on the enemy by taking three stone ... " (7)
He urged the people to fight.
Elders of the area's Pied Mescit Balikesir gathered, took the decision to arm against a possible invasion of Greece. June 25, 1919 meeting not only with the idea of volunteers konulamayacağı regular forces against the Greeks, the creation of associations was seen necessary for this purpose in 1902 and 1903-born and decided that the creation of the national forces. (8)
As you can see all the homes in the occupation of Izmir has created a deep sadness and desire and the decision of the people come together to fight loudly and Istanbul as well as the government reported that the Allied states. Now, the occupation of Izmir and Istanbul government's stance in the face of that occupation of two examples: the occupation of İzmir learning Ferid Pasha government official papers were collected and published the same day. The paper is formally under the control of the occupied forces can not make any statement that there is never ignored, tried to explain the examples above the national feelings and enthusiasm of the Turkish people are not closely related with the distance. The statement "... the Government in this matter to protect the rights of the state and the nation has found itself part and tranquility and dignity necessity of housing the population has been notified to the custody of the Interior eylemesini recommended ..." (9)
is called. Passive and indifferent in the face of occupied so much of the government was not only in Istanbul. Vahid Sultan was in a similar attitude. Istanbul Sultan Ahmet Square rally and then selected a representative group visited the Sultan Vahdettin. Let's open our mouths :"... the Sultan had them the following advice, shout it, lift up our voices. Kaldırmayalım But our hands. " (10)
Immediately after the occupation of İzmir, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in Samsun, is trying to increase publicity and the awakening of national spirit and enthusiasm, as well as directing it wanted to achieve salvation.
You press the third day of the new vazifesiyle foot in Samsun Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the first reports began to send in Istanbul. A little later we will deal with in detail in these reports, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, stability, security and faith in the nation, marks a new start, a struggle was evident.
Becomes the Grand Vezir telegram sent by the office of Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Istanbul, was not a report. However, to be occupied by the Greeks of Izmir, on the day after the invasion, and the nation as well as his feelings against the occupation stated as follows: "the occupation of Izmir by the Greek military incident, was in close contact with the people and the army or information, has imagined and portrayed very dilhun .. . What the nation against these unjust rape and availability to what the army will not vekabul hazm ... 20.5.1919 "(11) immediately after the invasion, occupation, nation and informing orduca be accepted and that it organize rallies to protest all over Anatolia, Istanbul and Allied Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the attitude of protest telegrams çektirten states, the occupation of the Turkish nation "to advise on tranquility", and decided to "shout it, but call the kaldırmayalım our hands," said Istanbul is very different from the mentality and understanding.
This understanding is expected by the liberation of the nation's understanding. However, this attitude has not come from Istanbul, Samsun has. It's a very precise and very clearly. Both Istanbul, and the whole world is screaming: "The nation and the army will not accept these unjust rape."
Mustafa Kemal Pasha was sent to Anatolia had written. May 22, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha in relation to this task will send a report to the office of Istanbul becomes the Grand Vezir.
Samsun and its vicinity, this is a report about the execution of the Greek çetecilerinin. Anatolia is read carefully, however, will begin a national struggle is seen in the first clues that a report that: "These days a few essence Harbiyemden General Staff-i,-i copies of the Special Representative of Samsun Yzb.Hurst British Political, Military Control Officer Lt. Solther and Political Control Officer Yzb.Mill I had contact with and interview. offering the following points as a result of this interview was commendable:
1. Consequently they are broken and completely esbâp Sanjak şakavetin Samsun 21 May 1919 and 53 in number with the password to supply personally convinced that I have been admitted by the British. Distressing incidents narrated in the hadith-i Islamic theology occupation of Izmir by British officers, the Ottoman government of Turkey can not handle itself, the basis of a few years to get an idea of foreign intervention and siyanetine müftekir suggested. Assigned to them in reply, New livasındaki şakavetin time of war the Greeks began to cool, then it had to do in relocation proceedings, to this day the Greeks, Muslims and dilgir tehyiç şakavetin immediately cease, the political aspirations of Islamic gangs in this case, the departure and the elimination of the military are seen as possible and need of course, be found tenkili measures have been reported. Ideas about management style of the Ottoman Government and the inherent belief in the purely private in nature, including the Turks not tolerate foreign rule, the British as the most civilized nations as the best expert advisor met MEDIA, Greeks, Ottoman sovereignty over the rights could not be any countries are described.
Suallerine in Izmir on the case entirely, and is a matter of vital national and at least for a simple peasant Also in such a regarded as important in Istanbul and Izmir, where Türklerce, any foreigner, especially the invasion of Greece as the government agreed to a hayalperver olunamayacağı, the occupation of strongly be found temporary, mono-body of the nation is the essence of sovereignty, the Turkish government with a sense of Procure-i hazıraya target all the soul and body, respectively, the muti and münkad dissection and exchange-i having the nature of public opinion and sentiment has retained the character of this interview. May 22, 1919.
9 th Army Inspector troops
Mustafa Kemal (12)
This is clearly stated in the report comments are as follows:
- Turks do not tolerate foreign rule.
-Izmir, and Istanbul for the Turks as a matter of national and vital importance.
-Never settle for the invasion of a foreign government shall be avoided.
-Force on the basis of temporary occupation of Izmir, the Greeks must be removed from there.
And that national sovereignty was the basis of body-National ace and a sense of Turkishness, the Turkish nationalism adopted.
This report clearly emerged as the country between the Government of the views of Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Istanbul with very different opinions about the way the case has to be followed is emerging.
Winners of the First World War, the Istanbul government believes, should be fighting against the Entente states, and all attitude, and behavior within the framework of the stated belief. The Allied decision to give states time to wait for the Turks who believe that there is nothing to do in Istanbul, Samsun Mustafa Kemal Pasha, to be followed by reports of the Turkish nation and way of talking about collective liberation "of Turkish nationalism," as stated. However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was sent to Anatolia in Samsun and its vicinity in order to ensure asayişini places.
It now exceeds the limits of these tasks, not only in Samsun and surrounding asayişiyle busy, and it talks about the liberation of the Turkish nation and Turkish citizens engaged in the wholesale happening. Mustafa Kemal Pasha knew that the decisions of states to wait for the winner and all they say they have difficulty fulfilling çıkarmayarak sağlanamazdı salvation of this nation and this country. The nation and the nation rely on the work of national strength with strength and determination to fight teşkilâtlandırmaktı.
As if these two telegrams sent by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, from Samsun to Istanbul as a pioneer of Amasya Circular. Carefully incelenince started the War of Independence is very important Amasya Genelgesi'ndeki intellectual foundation of these two substances can be seen in these two reports:
"1.Vatanın integrity and independence of the nation at stake."
"2nd nation's independence, and the decision will save the nation's determination."
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the British in the vicinity of Samsun and without the knowledge of local government reinforced its forces in the region that they saw and they went into some of the country Samsun sends a report to the Ministry of War, dated May 22, 1915. In this report, the British reinforced their forces in the vicinity of Samsun and a portion of which violate the provisions of the armistice that Englishmen sokmalarıyla into the country so that they damage the state's influence and presence, so he shook the region, the task of ensuring public order, prevention of such incidents contrary to the national hukukumuza wants. (13)
The same date the General Riyaseti'ne General Staff-i-i Harbiye (General Staff), the telegraph post in the attitude of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Allied powers and the departure of the country is extremely anxious to break down the invasion of Istanbul, officials and officers issued continents away hither referral What about something the government officially reported no nor tarafıma and expressed by them ... it is forbidden to inform the Policies of cases forced to return here after coming back to them and be able to do, is a difficult issue bittabi ... In this respect my request to supply point is this: do not give importance to presence in an almost regarded as a field open to the forces of our country and mahremaneleri icabatına Mahsusa division and substitution are divided according to ...
One day in the face of each side emrivakiler likely than not that the ripeness kalınmak-i respect and mutavaatla eylerim supply. "(14), Mustafa Kemal Pasha, evaluate and report the events on the one hand, while it also engages in organizational studies. This is the second ease the mind of the present forces, contrary to if possible, enhance the idea of the Presidency of the General Staff on May 24, 1919 again sends a letter.
Armistice Armistice interpreting the 5th item, "... mevcudunu gendarmerie and security forces of the Ottoman Empire of this article, does not suffice to protect internal security and borders, and sufficient to be reinforced so that the representatives of the Entente states before the attempt bulunulmasını ..."( 15) want. Of course the liberation struggle for a new start in goal forces to be able to achieve.
Izmir, Manisa and Aydin, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, then the Greeks protest rallies all over the country to be occupied and to make both the Entente States in Istanbul, as well as representatives of the Government has given orders to send the telegram of protest. This order almost anywhere in the country on the activities of this kind was observed. Wanted to learn the nature and scope of these activities, the Ministry of Defense in Istanbul and Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Mustafa Kemal Pasha asked the telegraph to answer the following:
"Defense Minister Sevket Turgut Pasha Majesty Havza
... Cine-i that completely telegraphs taken to Istanbul feveran teessüratın nation is a ma'kesi eylerim supply. All I see is the glory of the soul cheering millisine Turkish allies, the right against the legitimate and mevrûsuna cruel because of the encroachments, the bleeding is nothing but Turks and Müslümandan. The excitement, the most remote corners of the country until the şamil, the General. Civil Servants with the government and the military is-i that is completely impartial and teessüratın ripeness, this cheer-i-i sobriety and fortitude worthy of recording is also offered in move eylediği eylerim May 30, 1919. "(16)
Ministry of Defense in writing to any other meetings in the vicinity of Sivas, the Armenians in this region and requested information about their non-Muslim and stated that prevention of such rallies. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the national feelings of his reply to this letter expresses a very hard way:
"Havza the Ministry of War
... Previously and subsequently in the vicinity of the Armenians of Sivas and threatening the refugees has not been any incident. What state of Sivas, and there is nothing to worry about what the. Everyone is busy dealing with the forces of business and a quiet manner, copy it, at all ... I can assure the supply and our nation's law and the independence of the Entente states and the nation and the state's full masuniyetinden riayetkâr kaldıkça concern is that non-Muslim is quite sure that there is no reason ...
But the independence and national existence deliberate destruction of life and survival of that endangered the occupied against the emergence of such acts on what is seen in the vicinity of Izmir and the public excitement vicdaniyesini tesirat-I and based on this national manifestation of what the men and arrested, and no one has nefsimde for power and strength like never see you, so we will emerge what matters should be able to assume responsibility in the face of the commander and officer ownership nor the government nor do I imagine. June 3, 1919 "(17) Thus, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a very hard way that it should share the excitement of the government's halktaki.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Istanbul, Samsun and various reports and telegrams sent Havza. Looking at events around Samsun and situation reports transmitted is not at all pleasing. Because the British soldiers receiving reinforcements from time to time, and another in the vicinity of Samsun, to the interior of the country on track. The most painful side representatives of the Istanbul government does not provide information, do not receive them addressed. Encouraged by the Allied forces of states in setting up the Greek Cypriots and the Turkish people disturbed by Pontusçuçeteler yıldırmaktadırlar. People, Izmir, Trabzon and Samsun, and then believes that the Greeks will be considered occupied. The gendarmerie forces from the region are inadequate to ensure asayişin. Found that the events had escaped Askerlerarasında phase. It is impossible to avoid leaks. Desertion is spreading increasingly violent. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, as stated in the report he wrote again on 4 June, the Ministry of War, "In such cases, effective remedy and the measure is strength ..." (18)
Unfortunately, it does not yet exist at that time in force. So Havza'daki Samsun and the fate of the country reports of Mustafa Kemal Pasha saw the dark immediately revealed. But he never lost hope preserves. The same reports are carefully incelenince his confidence in the Turkish nation. If you do not have the darkness created a national movement could be believed. Amasya people cheering for him, next to a newspaper reporter, says: "Look, brother, how you leave such a nation? This palaspareler Do not these people ever seen in a miserable, such a heart in them, it is a matter that the Dardanelles and are the saving . Kafkas'ta, Galicia, here and fought like lions, are the deprivation do not care. " (19) share the feelings of the nation's trust in the nation, Mustafa Kemal Pasha yanılmadığını shortly after the show the whole world.
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(*) General Staff, Military Military History and Strategic Studies Department.
(1) Falih Rifki Atay, Cankaya, London, 1980, s.172.
(2) Military History Documents Magazine, issue: 1, voucher No.: 3
(3) Ataturk, Gnkur. ATASE publications, London, 1980, s.143.
(4) Professor. Rifki SalimBurçak, Turkish DevrimTarihi, London, 1973, p.34.
(5) Mahmoud Goloğlu the Erzurum Congress, Ankara, 1968, p.40.
(6) Private Archives Featured Ataturk, Ankara, 1981, p.1.
(7) Ahmet Akif Tütenk of National Defence in Denizli, Izmir, 1949, p.7.
(8) National Struggle Balikesir, Istanbul, 1986, p.70.
(9) Selahattin Tansel, Mondros'tan Mudanya, CI, Istanbul, 1991, s.203.
(10) Professor. Salim Rifki Vetch, a.g.e., p.34.
(11), Nimet Arsan; Ataturk Tamim, Telegraph and Statements, p. 23.
(12) a.g.e., p.24-25.
(13) Documents Journal of Military History, number 4, written document no: 68
(14) a.g.d., number 4, written document no: 69
(15) a.g.d., number 4, voucher No.: 71
(16) a.g.d., p. 5, written document no: 92
(17) a.g.d., number 4, voucher No.: 95
(18) a.g.d., number 4, written document no: 65, p.2.
(19) Sabah Selek, Anatolian Revolution, London, 1986, s.234.