The Istanbul Metro
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The Istanbul Metro (Turkish: İstanbul Metrosu) is a rapid transit underground railway network that serves the city of Istanbul, Turkey. It is operated by İstanbul Ulaşım (Istanbul Transport), a public enterprise, controlled by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Founded in 1989, it now includes 62 stations in service, with 23 more under construction. The system currently consists of four lines named M1, M2, M3 and M4. More lines are under construction or planned: M5 (Üsküdar-Çekmeköy/Sancaktepe) is on the Asian side; while M7 (Kabataş-Mahmutbey), and Mini-Metro (Levent-Hisarüstü) will be on the European side.
The oldest underground urban rail line in Istanbul is the Tünel, which entered service on January 17, 1875. It is the world's second-oldest subterranean urban rail line after the London Underground (1863), and the first subterranean urban rail line in continental Europe; though the first full subway line with multiple underground stations in continental Europe was Line 1 of the Budapest Metro (1896).
Istanbul Metro
European side
The first master plan for a full metro network in Istanbul, titled Avant Projet d'un Métropolitain à Constantinople and conceived by the French engineer L. Guerby, dates to January 10, 1912. The plan comprised a total of 24 subway stations between the Topkapı and Şişli districts and included a connection through the Golden Horn. Each station would have a 75 metre platform next to the rail line, while the distance between stations varied from 220 to 975 metres. The blueprints of the project, which was never realized, are today displayed at the Istanbul Technical University Museum.
In 1936 the French urban planner Henri Prost proposed a metro network between the districts of Taksim and Beyazıt, to the north and south of the Golden Horn, respectively. In October 1951 the Dutch firm Nedeco proposed a similar route between Taksim and Beyazıt, and in September 1952 the Director of the Paris Transportation Department, Marc Langevin, prepared a 14-chapter report together with his associate Louis Meizzonet for the implementation of the project and its integration with the other means of public transportation in the city. However, these plans never came into effect and all proposals were put on hold until 1987, when the planning for the current Istanbul Metro was made.
Şişli station of the Istanbul Metro in front of Istanbul Cevahir, Europe's largest mall.
Construction works for the first 'modern' mass transit railway system started in 1989. The M1 was initially called "Hafif Metro" (light rail), although it was built as a full scale metro line. It was extended from Aksaray towards the western suburbs, reaching Atatürk Airport in the south west in 2002.
Construction of the M2, began on September 11, 1992, but faced many challenges due to the numerous archaeological sites that were discovered during the drilling process, which slowed down or fully stopped the construction of many stations especially at south. Taking into account the seismic activity in Istanbul, the entire subway network was built with the cut-and-cover method[citation needed] to withstand an earthquake of up to 9.0 on the Richter magnitude scale.
The first section between Taksim and 4. Levent entered service, after some delays, on September 16, 2000. This line is 8.5 km (5.3 mi) long and has 6 stations, which all look similar but are in different colours. In 2000, there were 8 Alstom-built 4-car train sets in service, which ran every 5 minutes on average and transported 130,000 passengers daily. On January 30, 2009, the first train sets built by Eurotem entered service. Eurotem will build a total of 92 new wagons for the M2 line. As of January 30, 2009, a total of 34 train sets, each with 4 cars, were being used on the M2 line.
Gayrettepe station of the Istanbul Metro
A northern extension from 4. Levent to Maslak was opened on January 30, 2009. On September 2, 2010 the northern (temporary) terminus Darüşşafaka followed. The southern extension of the M2 line from Taksim to Yenikapı, across the Golden Horn on a bridge and underground through the historic peninsula, has thus far been completed up to the Şişhane station in Beyoğlu, which also entered service on January 30, 2009. When completed in 2014, the Taksim-Yenikapı extension will be 5.2 km long, with four stations (including the Taksim and Şişhane stations currently in service.) The total cost of the extension will be $593 million.At Yenikapı it will intersect with the extended light metro and the suburban train lines.
The trip between the Şişhane station in Beyoğlu and the Haciosman station in Maslak is 20 km (12.4 mi) long and takes 27 minutes; including Şişhane - Taksim (1.65 km, 2 minutes), Taksim - 4. Levent (8.5 km, 12 minutes), and 4. Levent - Haciosman (8.1 km, 12 minutes.)
The total length of the European side of the M2 line will reach 23 km (14.3 mi) when all 16 stations from Hacıosman to Yenikapı will be completed; not including the 936 metres long Golden Horn metro bridge, the 0.6 km long Taksim-Kabataş tunnel connection with the Seabus port, the 0.6 km long Yenikapı-Aksaray tunnel connection with the line M1,[20] and the 13.6 km long Marmaray tunnel.
Asian side
On the Asian side, construction is in progress of the remaining portion of the 26.5 km (16.5 mi) long M4 line from Kadıköy to Kaynarca, yielding a total of 19 stations.[24] It cost € 751 million and was built by the Astaldi / Makyol / Gülermak consortium. The first section opened on August 17, 2012, terminating in Kartal. Construction of the 20 km (12.4 mi) long M6 line from Üsküdar via Ümraniye to Sancaktepe started in March 2012.[
The Marmaray tunnel (Bosphorus undersea railway tunnel) connecting the Asian and European metro lines opened on October 29, 2013.
European side
M1 metro line (formerly also known as Istanbul LRT)
Main article: Istanbul LRT
The M1 with a total length of 22 km and 18 stations entered service on September 3, 1989. Combined with the tramway line T4 the total length of former LRT network is 32 kilometres. The line M1 runs totally segregated from road-traffic and has been constructed without level crossings, so it is a fully developed underground railway line. From south-east to south-west:
Yenikapı (under construction)
Aksaray
Emniyet-Fatih
Topkapı-Ulutbatlı
Bayrampaşa-Maltepe
Sağmalcılar
Kartaltepe-Kocatepe
Otogar-Esenler
Terazidere
Davutpaşa - YTU
Merter
Zeytinburnu
Bakırköy-İncirli
Ataköy-Şirinevler
Yenibosna
DTM-Fuar Merkezi
Atatürk-Havalimanı
M2 metro line
Main article: M2 (İstanbul Metro)
From north to south: Hacıosman-Şişhane metro line (opened on 16 September 2000)
Hacıosman
Darüşşafaka
Atatürk Oto Sanayi
İTÜ - Ayazağa
Seyrantepe - Stadyum
Sanayi Mahallesi
4. Levent
Levent
Gayrettepe
Şişli - Mecidiyeköy
Osmanbey
Taksim
Şişhane
Unkapanı (under construction)
Şehzadebaşı (under construction)
Yenikapı (under construction)
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