Since the Turkish National Liberation Movement
Son güncelleme: 13.10.2010 10:33
-
19 Mayıs İle İlgili Makale - Türk Ulusal Kurtuluş Hareketinin Başlangıcı - İngilizce Makaleler
"Turks are very high and greater dignity and pride and ability.
Such a nation does not live prisoners get, the better.
Therefore Independence or death. "
"Mustafa Kemal: The Speech"
Gazi Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) in Samsun on May 19, 1919 was what to do?
Apparently, Gazi, as the inspector assigned to the Third Army was equipped with very large powers. Mustafa Kemal, Sultan VI.Mehmet, appointed to ensure peace in Anatolia.
Mayalaşma heads against the invasion of the Entente states, reached dangerous levels. Ghazi Sultan, the ambassador, such as the famous Söylev'inde will write later, his head is actually a "National Secret" is. Restricting fusion of the Entente States in order to prevent hostile elements, not set foot in Anatolia. On the contrary, are a particular purpose gecikmeyeceği, deeply shaken morale as a result of defeat in the re-gain the trust of the Army.
Gazi Anatolian Turkish territory, all the resistance movements of the target, to try to gather under a single authority.
Fought, to defeat the enemy, not only the foreign invader forces. In this respect, Gazi Mustafa Kemal, the pen will be explained as follows: "At all costs, regardless of the Ottoman government, against the Sultan, with the whole nation and the army rebellion rising up against the caliph had to take."
The above remarks on May 19, 1919 Gazi progressive, revolutionary and dreams to establish a secular republic as tells. "National Struggle, primarily in order to rescue the invasion of foreign Dormitory, developed and gained much success, based on national sovereignty and power of a government increasingly to mobilize all the policy that was natural."
Gazi Mustafa Kemal, as soon as Anatolia, a shunter immediately as a master, who proceeded to seek the support of the military chiefs.
Popular personalities, especially with Kazim Karabekir took part alongside former Minister of the Navy Ghazi Hussein Rauf. Likewise, within a very short time, ie within a few weeks of Gazi, a portion of the sake of their own national forces, has managed to gather around.
Thus, starting from 22 June 1919, Amasya, and Turkey sent a circular letter addressed to all patriotic organizations declared that the nation is at stake and the disastrous situation in the country, finding a cure notice required to convene a national congress to give the situation was reached.
Anatolia is a growing national rebellion to return to Istanbul, Mustafa Kemal's government in order to evaluate the Babiali Müfettişliği'ne Third Army will issue a clear order: "Sultan Holiness, you buyuruyorlar immediately return to Istanbul."
Ghazi, a few words in response to this intimidation transmitting orders will consist of: "the nation will gain full independence until today, I will stay in Anatolia" (July 8, 1919).
Gazi Mustafa Kemal, the Istanbul Government's resignation rejected the commandments, but also doing it, not only the duties of inspector, also decides to leave the army.
Now, Gazi Mustafa Kemal, a state official status of the slough bağlılıklardan required, has a greater freedom of action. Center kopardığı power and ties, from the moment the first big political fight could afford to risk giving.
Thus, towards the end of July 1919, Turkey's eastern province of Erzurum, a convention attended by representatives from the ellidört örgütleyecektir. This is the first political battle, the first political victory at the same time.
While there was a full fourteen days the stormy debates of Mustafa Kemal "will of the people based on the creation of a National Assembly and the power train of the same area of the establishment of a government," They'll have accepted the Congress demand.
Accepted by the resolution: "Homeland is unique and indivisible. Eastern Anatolian provinces, in a joint agreement, against any foreign invasion or intervention direneceklerdir.
Sultan's government, appears inadequate to protect the nation's independence and integrity of the country, to address the conduct of state affairs, established a provisional government. "
A month later, this time not only in Eastern provinces of the 4 to 11 September 1919, brings together representatives of all countries will meet in a second congress in Sivas. Sivas Congress, rejected politics followed by the Government of the Sultan of Istanbul, the will of the people of Anatolia with its own management was decided. Forty people attended the congress in Sivas in the eyes of Mustafa Kemal, representing the whole of the nation is sacred and historical nature.
Istanbul government in the face of foreign occupation and the collapse of the country is already confused. Developing national resistance movement in Anatolia against the fragmentation of the country has accelerated its activities.
In the meantime, the Government of Babiali the Kemalist resistance movement, thirsty for blood and plunder by the Unionists failed to let the community work he presented to the public. This campaign of calumny and invaders in the Western press and the public will have the will. Joint occupation and betrayal front, Mustafa Kemal and his friends, an intense way, "the Armenian kıyımcıları" and "militant German fans," referred to it as. Istanbul supporters of this, the anti-national resistance campaign, the Committee of Union and Progress Party, adventurous and irresponsible policies of intimidation aimed a lot of damaged the society.
However, the enemies of everyone is now aware of the existence of Anatolia, the rapidly growing Turkish nationalism.
Turkish Nation, welcomed Armistice Armistice resignation. But the Western states without violating the terms of the armistice, flood movements of minorities, the nation began to open its bosom, the deep wounds.
The newly established associations, parties, peaceful remedies were looking for ways of salvation. There was no resisting the idea of the rallies and protest activities.
Maintain the integrity of the country on condition that those who wish to enter under the protection of the state had a large. The liberation of the Sultan, the shadow of England's refuge and resist all kinds of contrary to the interests of the country saw the highest.
The idea of national resistance after the occupation of Izmir by the Greeks began to grow stronger to set foot on May 19, 1919 in Anatolia, Mustafa Kemal's movement to resist this idea, and the fire burned.
Kuva-t resist with arms in the beginning, Izmir National (National Forces) was called, then became the name covers all national movements.
Kuva-t in the National, the Government of guerilla counting Istanbul, Anatolia, all gives the name of the Nationalist movements Kuva-t saw the benefit.
However, the resistance movement in Anatolia was not only consist of a defense. This is essentially due to the movement in the political and social aspects of the National Struggle (National Liberation) movement has developed.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, out of Samsun Kazim Ali Fuat paşalarla Karabekir and in liaison. Go where the only way to salvation through the action of each is to fight the enemy directly, and it tells the nation that he can accomplish great consideration.
Istanbul, Samsun Gazi completed systematic strategic ideas and plans.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the strategy identifies as "The Speech" with an outline based on the testimonies of the need to see.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, war, revolution, the public wanted to goods. Thought always seems to occur in this direction. Of course, the fight against the enemy, the Army would do.
But the military situation in those days, many perişandı. According to the provisions of the cease-fire has been discharged many troops and weapons, ammunition and other supplies had been delivered to the winner of the states. There was no such thing as logistical support. Most importantly, the military's morale was bad. Army created the nation. Therefore, it is next to the nation's army and would have to support him. This, however, a public administration sağlanacaktı landed. Earlier experiments with democracy passed the first steps were undertaken for the management of the public. These are the basis of a new government established.
This is the right of state sovereignty and the nation will be governed by its representatives, would be under the command of the army and the national power behind. However, in this way, the public, to approve and support the war and revolutions. Possible to establish a new government with a coup d'etat. However, this administration is always dangerous to read-and short-lived military dayanacağından. Already by the Army at that time sevilmemektedir nation. Thus, the weak and unpopular government in a military revolution based on the success of transport is not possible. And the only way to set up a new populist government. To achieve this goal, organizations will begin immediately.
Government response to the establishment of the new state will meet in Istanbul. For these reasons, the Ottoman Government and the good geçinmeli güçleninceye thoroughly, if necessary, with the sultan and the caliph örgütlenildiği justification should recover.
Here, the big "The Speech" as told in the Samsun Mustafa Kemal Pasha was on his way into the interior of Anatolia had begun to implement this strategy in time. The first stop was the town of Basin. 25 May 1919, concluded by putting Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a circular was prepared. All this, with the signature of the 9th Army Inspector military and civilian authorities sent her dorm. In this circular, all military and civilian managers, their locations occupied a moment before the events organized rallies to protest against the wide support their national associations set up to describe the magnitude of the disaster to the public and asked to spread this work to the villages.
This circular sent on May 28 to 29 satellites and a large public rallies held in many local administrators. Was the most exciting rallies, especially in Istanbul. Occupied states showing a strong response to it. The Turkish government is under arrest 67 men drove the British to Malta.
Rallies, combined with positive feedback shown in the occupation of Izmir, Kemal's hope even more increased. Especially putting trust in Him, giving close attention from the public sees. Understood primarily as the leader of the strategy drawn can be found. Already yürütemezdi him no one else in this plan.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, putting a hand dealt in military affairs. Established contact with all the corps commanders. Unions and their place in the occupation forces and the commanders determined that he suggested to take the necessary measures. Guerrilla and paramilitary commanders have encouraged the establishment of organizations. Against them is necessary for the settlement of the ideas put descriptions found. Incoming answers, commanders assessed. Fallen in them contrary to his own thoughts, on the basis of the authority was under tight control, fired or böylelerinin movements.
Within a month's work, was successful in spite of significant challenges. People had begun to get used to the idea of resistance and the Army. Now taking advantage of the situation, explaining to the public was done on behalf of all the initiatives of the nation and the nation needed to ensure the entry into these initiatives. Historically, "Amasya Circular," the first step in this cause.
Istanbul, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the effectiveness of the government thoroughly kuşkulandırdı Havza'daki. On June 8 to call back on itself Nezareti'nin War, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, until that day, "Army Inspector" had been acting in the capacity of putting all of your personal weight. Now I saw the title of compromised. For this reason, a personal action from being undertaken, the public had to make haste maletmekte.
Ministry of War gave an answer of 12 June 1919, Amasya was time-consuming. People greeted him excitedly enthusiastic. June 14 Amasyada "Defence of Rights" Association was founded. Her work within the framework of this association after the historic Amasya, Mustafa Kemal Pasha Tamimini on June 22 to 23 (Circular) issued. This Tamimi day of its publication, the Anatolian Revolution, the actual start date. Many scientists in this short of a circular "Declaration of the revolution as" agree. Therefore, if necessary, to explain this important encyclical Tamimi review are as follows;
"1-of our country, integrity and independence of the nation at stake. Istanbul government, the winner of the need to carry out the responsibilities of states under the influence you have installed. This tanıttırıyor our nation have disappeared. Again, the nation's determination and the decision will save the nation's independence.
To determine the status of the nation and the world is right tone for each işittirmek The presence of a national committee and the audit must be away from any domain. habeleşme way for this future with the national recommendations and requests on all sides, a national congress in Sivas, Anatolia, the most reassuring place was decided in a hurry. For this purpose, all the Ottoman provinces of livasından, party disputes, without being taken into account, talented, and provided the nation's faith in, fast out of three people to be put up. Just in case the store as a national secret, not given in dağdağaya, where considered necessary to keep the trip secret.
2-Eastern provinces on behalf of the collection in Erzurum on July 10 agreed to the convention, the provinces mentioned in Defence of Rights-National Forces and the refusal of annex associations elected members, were excluded from the right path already Erzurum. Until then, the representatives of other provinces to reach Sivas, Erzurum, members of Congress, will see the appropriate date, to attend the general meeting, shall act in Sivas.
According to the provisions of the above 3-Enterprise, The Defence of Rights and the refusal of annex and other forms of associations, and municipalities will be selected by.
4-9th Army Inspector implementation of these decisions, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, former Minister of War (Naval Forces Minister) Hussein Rauf, Commander of 15th Corps Karabekir Kazim Pasha, Commander of 13th Corps and 3rd Corps Deputy Commander Colonel Colonel Cevdet Rafet Bey, Governor Canik Hamid Bey, the 2nd Army Inspector Ferik Cemal Pasha, (Lieutenant General), Colonel Selahattin Bey, Commander of 12th Corps, 20th Army Corps Commander Ali Fuat Pasha in Bursa, 17th Corps Commander, Colonel Bekir Sami Bey in Edirne, the Corps Commander, Colonel Cafer Tayyar Bey, and some other important civilian and military personnel will be studied. Furthermore Başvezir Sender Ahmed Izzet Pasha (Field Marshal), the Minister of Public Works (Public Works Minister), and Ferid Bey, Ahmed Riza Bey, individuals such as members of the thoughts and opinions of Ayan will be taken.
5-refusal of annex-National Forces and the Defence of Rights will give associations telegrams, acceptance and telgrafhanelerde alone, withdrawn, the Directorate General of Post and Telegraph reported. This is definitely rejected as absolute freedom of making and to ensure communication be made to the demonstrations and the demonstrations will continue until this is achieved.
6-Military and national organizations lağvedilmeyecektir no way. Terkedilmeyecek Command and others will not be any way. Near the re-occupation of the enemy in any future acts of fatherland, of interest to the whole army and the defense of the country according to the situation in the future girişilecektir together. For this reason, commanders shall provide immediate notice to each other. Weapons, ammunition and other hand tools çıkarılmayacaktır no way. "
Those who signed Tamimi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Rauf (Orbay), Ali Fuat Pasha (Cebesoy), Rafet Bey (Bele). Among these figures and other Kazim Karabekir Jamal (Mersin) pasha was the telegraph approvals.
This is a very important Tamim examined, can be reached the following conclusions:
-Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Revolution, has taken the first step of the strategy. Homeland parçalanmaktadır. The independence of the nation at stake. The Ottoman government is not capable of preventing this catastrophe. The Turkish nation, this government no longer expect a venture, and he should see his own business. This is being announced all over the place. That is reason for coming was preparing against the Ottoman Empire.
-The purpose of the job to perform, the national associations were established all over the country. These associations and the municipalities within the area covered by their own management units and then as a representative of three people, convene a national congress in Sivas and send it. Thus, it will become an organization of national associations come together as one, to be selected as well as those who are connected to any political party, was found not significant, air esebilecektir full solidarity in Congress.
-Meet the congress, the first step in the establishment of a new state.
Government has taken to prevent the collection of the Congress-Istanbul dinlenmeyecektir communication bans. Way to break the last links between Anatolia and Istanbul was opened in this way.
-Most importantly, the implementation of the decisions taken in Amasya görevlendirilmesidir army. Thus, the Army, the Revolution, is drawn into the act.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Inspector of the Third Army in Anatolia in Samsun, when the two were on the verge of a large congress. Local organizations who want to save the Greek invasion of western Anatolia, Balikesir, Armenia, the establishment of an East önlemeğe the Erzurum toplanacaklardı employees. Samsun Gazi Amasya days, there is a national movement in favor of Ali Fuat Pasha, Rauf, Rafet Pasha, Canik Governor met with Mr Hamid had agreed a four issue. But unable to attend the meeting and providing the necessary support XV. Corps Commander, Inspector continents Kazim Yildirim Mersin and Konya Karabekir consultation with Jamal Pasha, sent a telegram to their possible participation in the decisions was made.
As you can see the decisions of Amasya, on the one hand while trying to organize a nationalist political movement is at the disposal of the existing military organization were geared towards the nationalists. Despite the decisions taken in Amasya, the ground is prepared in Istanbul earlier dates do not need to mention that.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Fuad Pasha, Pasha and Rauf Refet of whom were to recognize each other closely, and to organize a national movement, while in Istanbul, Anatolia had decided geçmeğe.
Erzurum Congress convened on July 23, 1919. Eastern Provinces of Defence of Rights in a center for the integration of communities collected from the Congress, in setting out the principles of the decisions itibarile National Struggle was the first convention. To sum up the decisions taken again;
"A) the national borders within the nation is an indivisible whole.
b) Foreign occupation and prevent the intervention of the Ottoman Empire önleyemezse nation.
c) The Istanbul government fails to protect its territory and independence, it kongrece an elected national government, congress is not in session, Congress will make permanent representative of a government chosen by the Board Temsiliyenin.
d) milliyeye Kuva-t is essential that national will to dominate.
e) minorities national sovereignty can not be injurious concessions.
f) Mandate and patronage can not be accepted.
g) Collection of the National Assembly and the government immediately tried to put murakabesine AY legislature. "
- The national government will be seen covering the main elements of this decision: National borders, the nation's right to self-determination and the land itself will be based on the absolute sovereignty. Also representing the delegation of the Congress provided more of a struggle to be conducted by a delegation of leaders was demonstrated.
Collected between 4 and September 12 of the Sivas Congress of East and West have made it possible to connect to a center for Defence of Rights enterprises. The nature of the decisions taken was to adopt the decisions of the Congress of Erzurum Congress. A larger head of the Representative Committee and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected. After this date, all of Anatolia Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Society of the nationalist organization will be.
However, communication difficulties, the Sivas Congress mahiyetinin being understood and accepted that some organizations have the right not to represent them because of Sivas, the national movement, the Society is the only organization benimsetememiştir immediately. This matter is understood in the words of Mustafa Kemal Pasha:
"Maahaza, these dates yet fully understood intention was seen in some places. Mesala, Denial of Annexation and 10 delegations that have their own notification namlarına Teşrinievvel 1919 and signed by Chief of the League of Denial of Annexation, and this convention will Teşrinievvelin twenty two of the largest convention delegate assembly izamı talebediliyor the provinces and Performance measures would report a team. "
In contrast, an important event in Istanbul, the Assembly of Deputies Defence of Rights Movement group, 28 January 1920, the Parliament supports the Felah-i Vatan onaylatmış document is called the National Pact. In this way, in Istanbul, Anatolia Movement legislative purposes organca is also adopted, the nationalists remained facing the House and the Cabinet. Already in 1920, took place March 16 in Istanbul, after the British occupation of the Assembly and the chiefs of Malta sürülmüşlerdi closed. Some members also participated in Anatolia, through the Defence of the Nationalist legal professionals.
Assembly Mebusan'ın closure, had a trump card into the hands of the nationalists. According to the British Parliament has been closed under pressure, at a location away from external influences for a national assembly now had no cause to institute. Although essentially nationalists to design an assembly to open the closure of the Assembly in Istanbul, they will prevent users from opening of parliament last reason was eliminated.
Ottoman Constitutional died heroically. Great fight, fight in the war fronts, the Armistice is shouting out against the invasion of the enemy gave their last breath.
This result, a common destiny for the great Turkish empires. The Turkish nation state has set up a location, the environment has taken great conqueror and the conquered countries of the people on the nation, through her work to eat and gnaw kabuklaşmışlardır into wolves. Finally, the importance of overcoming the issue and has taken a life for kemirilme Turkish element. At that time all the wolves to get rid of the Turkish nation and the self-silkinmiş had established a new state as a pure mass. Transition from the Ottoman Empire in the Republic of Turkey to repeat this historical destiny.
Here are two documents that integrated the front of the last Ottoman Deputies Assembly on the first TGNA.
1-Empire surviving Turkish nation is a foreign element, the possibility of interference can not make the government made public after the war, the lawmakers sent a free election and the administration of this empire is still pure and unmixed yıkıntısından people and mentalities in the face of a functioning government, a National Assembly was formed.
The Assembly havsalası, bravery fighting a defeated nation and the state's main square to be sentenced to death and did not receive a kind of peace terms to represent the nation, "National Pact of National Covenant," a declaration under the name of collecting, February 17, 1336 (1920) have announced to the world on.
"Laying down the signatures of members of the Board of Deputies of the Ottoman state and future of the nation is right and acceptable sacrifice to reach the most advanced continuous sulha his limitations showing that it is possible to ensure compliance with the following principles and these principles completely outside of society in a solid body of the Ottoman reign, and there is no possible and acceptable have confirmed:
"Article 1-the Ottoman Empire to the Arab majority just sat and dated October 30, 1918 during the enemy armies occupied the remaining parts of the signature of the Armistice mukadderatının, the population had to be appointed in accordance with Reye give freely, within the boundaries mentioned in the armistice of religion, race and Soycan alliance with each other full of feelings of mutual respect and altruism, tradition and completely fits the requirements made on the basis of the Ottoman Islamic law, the majority of their district of residence, and indeed all of the parts by default is a whole does not accept any reason, of separation.
"Article 2-the free people of the city with their motherland and have participated in the public reyi 'elviveyi Selas'-Kars, Ardahan and Batum If it is required to re-apply to be free to accept public reyine.
"Article 3-Turkey and the sulha Garbi left (West) detection of Thrace, in the legal vaziyetinin, people will give a full hürriyetle should be made by Reye.
"Article 4-Islamic caliphate and sultanate capital of the central government is the center of the Ottoman city of Istanbul and the Marmara Sea and the safety of any violation must be preserved.
"This is mainly to stay protected, provided General Mediterranean and Black Sea straits trade and münakalata (deliver) the opening of the states concerned about the alliance will give us all the other valid decision.
"Article 5-the Entente states deal with the principles agreed between opponents and some brokers are minorities within the law, in the vicinity of the population Muslim memleketlerdeki istifadeleri the safety of the same law will be provided by us and confirmed.
"Article 6-inkişafımız national and economic opportunity to enter the apartment and its contemporary, seamless execution of works in the form of an administration order to be successful in every state on the basis of such inkişafımızın our independence and we have full latitude, and shall be the basis of life and basic bekamızın. For this reason, political, judicial , an opponent of the records to prevent financial inkişafımızı. in terms of actual payment of the debt will not be contrary to these principles.
Kanunsani 29 (January), 336 (1920) "
Here is a document that the human right of the French Revolution, "Declaration of Human Rights," which recalls.
Both the "National Pact" and the need to "Human Rights Declaration" from the same source, have taken inspiration from the principle of nationality. Both nations, no matter defeat or victory, have agreed to base a life to live free and independent. Both are sacred national presence, fragmented, extended counted manually.
Last Ottoman Parliament had adopted and proclaimed "National Pact," declaration in this regard, the history of mankind niteliğindedir joint work.
"National Pact" of the principle of declaring the right of the people and the nation well in the nature of the Ottoman Empire, there is no doubt a complete liquidation of stock.
This beyannameyle all non-Turkish elements in the empire is divided, "Religion, race, ancestry in terms of a" mass, that is known for the Turkish mass completeness.
Without any record of the Turkish nation has decided to establish a new state. The Turkish nation will form the basis of this state. Although 80 years have passed since 19 May 1919, today, to divide and to destroy the unitary and secular Turkish Republic, and the justification for selection of all kinds, regardless of the great Turkish nation against internal and external threats and enemies, Turks Vatanı'nın will protect the integrity and unity of the State and hence survival.
As in 1919, now what kind of development and changes in the world and the region experienced yaşansın Turkish Nation, himself, his country and the entire movement of the enemy state, a collective effort and the elements necessary to "Beka War" of history do not hesitate to close to never witness .
DR. MEHMET ATAY (*)
(*) Doctor of Political Science, Presidential Adviser.
- Since the Turkish National Liberation Movement Konusuna Benzer Konular
- Turkish Sausage And Fried Eggs 02.05.2009
- Final Liberation Hileleri 22.03.2009
- National Hockey League - 2008 22.03.2009
- National Treasure Büyük Hazine 20.12.2004
- National Geographic Resimleri 19.12.2007