ITU VE Bahçeşehir Üniversitelerine Ait Bazı Ders Notları, Sınav Soruları, Sunular
Son güncelleme: 06.08.2011 09:22
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SECTION I. LISTENING/ Questions 1- 6 (6 x 1.5 = 9 pts)
Choose the most suitable alternative to complete each of the following sentences according to the text you heard.
1. The rainbow _______________.
a) appears during sunset
b) is violet on the outside and red on the inside
c) is a broken optical spectrum of light
d) is an optical and meteorological phenomenon
2. The rainbow effect can be observed when __________________.
a) the sun shines from behind the observer at a low angle or height
b) the whole sky is dark with clouds
c) waterfalls release vapor on a cloudy day
d) the observer is near a river
3. Isaac Newton showed that _______________.
a) the rainbow does not contain the color blue
b) moonbows are white
c) the rainbow actually exists in the sky
d) white light contained all the colors of the rainbow
4. A second, dimmer rainbow ________________.
a) is caused by a double reflection of the sunlight
b) is seen inside the primary bow
c) appears at an angle of 15 degrees
d) is red on the outside and violet on the inside
5. According to __________, the rainbow is a sign of God's contract with mankind.
a) Galileo
b) The Bible
c) Greek mythology
d) American Indian mythology
6. In __________________, the rainbow was a door to stop humans from leaving the world.
a) Chinese mythology c) American mythology
b) Hindu mythology d) Indian mythology
SECTION II. USE of ENGLISH/ Questions 7- 41 (35 x 1 = 35 points)
Choose the alternative that best fits in each blank to make the text meaningful.
Text 1.
Scientists revealed the secret world of plants long ago. It _________7 for many years that when exposed to light under suitable conditions of temperature and moisture, the green parts of plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen to it. These changes are the opposite of those _________8 in respiration. The _________9 is called photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water by the chloroplasts of plant cells in the _________10 of light. Oxygen is the product of the reaction. For _________11 molecule of carbon dioxide used, one molecule of oxygen is released.
7. a) has known b) was known c) had been known d) has been known
8. a) occurred b) occur c) when occurring d) which occur
9. a) process b) progress c) advancement d) affair
10. a) presence b) presently c) presentation d) present
11. a) all b) each c) some d) none
Text 2.
There are many ways of communicating without using speech. People often prefer _________12 signals, signs, symbols, and gestures to communicating through speech in every known culture. The basic function of a signal is _________13 the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, its potential for communication is very great. Signs _________14 greater meaning in themselves although they are less adaptable to the codification of speech. For example, the color pattern of a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs _________15 their intricate relationship with the receiver's cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theatre _________16 performers with an auditory symbol of approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain cultural messages.
12. a) using b) use c) having used d) to use
13. a) being affected b) affected c) to affect d) having affected
14. a) contain b) impress c) consist d) inform
15. a) despite b) because of c) though d) as well as
16. a) prevents b) permits c) provides d) protects
Text 3.
Which is more harmful: diet or tobacco? Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is _________17 for nearly a third of all cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.
Dr Tim Key, who is _________18 research at the University of Oxford, said that scientists are still discovering how certain foods _________19 to cancer but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity play a major role. "Five percent of cancers could be _________20 if nobody was obese," he said. While tobacco is linked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent." _________21 500 cases, we know that obesity and alcohol are important," said Key.
Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous _________22 is increased when combined with smoking. _________23 both alcohol consumption and obesity rates are rising in many countries is another fact which needs to be studied.
Key said that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown, but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, _________24 some answers.
Early results of the study have _________25 that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries, while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.
17. a) guilty b) hazardous c) responsible d) available
18. a) carrying out b) working out c) holding up d) turning up
19. a) contribute b) donate c) expose d) commit
20. a) escaped b) diagnosed c) estimated d) avoided
21. a) Observed c) Being observed
b) Having observed d) Having been observed
22. a) assumption b) impression c) solution d) impact
23. a) When b) What c) Why d) Where
24. a) will provide c) will have provided
b) are providing d) is providing
25. a) extracted b) revealed c) emerged d) covered
Text 4.
We owe our ability to explore sea and ocean depths to technology. Recent technological advances in manned and unmanned undersea vehicles _________26some of the limitations of divers and diving equipment. Without a vehicle, divers often became lazy and slow and their mental concentration became limited. Because of undersea pressure which affected their speech organs, communication among divers used to be difficult or impossible, which _________27 their work. _________28, today most oceanographers make observations by means of modern instruments which are lowered into the ocean or from samples taken from the water. Direct observations of the ocean floor are made not only by divers but also by deep-diving submarines. Some of these submarines can dive to depths of more than seven miles and cruise at depths of fifteen thousand feet. Radio-equipped buoys can be operated by remote control _________29 data about water, temperature, currents and weather can be transmitted back to land-based laboratories. As can be seen, if such technical devices _________30 over the years, it would be very difficult to make observations in the depths of the oceans today.
26. a) had overcome c) overcome
b) will have overcome d) have overcome
27. a) slowed down c) can't have slowed down
b) has slowed down d) should have slowed down
28. a) Besides b) All in all c) However d) Even though
29. a) so as to b) so that c) such a way that d) as such
30. a) haven't been improved c) weren't improved
b) hadn't been improved d) aren't improved
Text 5.
A conference was held in The Hague last month with the aim of reducing emissions. Ministers at the conference told the world's press that they hadn't succeeded _________31 an agreement on 'greenhouse gas' emissions, which raise the Earth's temperature. Scientists warned that this would result in _________32 pollution than before and a greater risk of disasters across the globe. A United Nations representative said the conference had been organised to reach agreements on reducing emissions. It was a follow-up to the 1997
conference in Kyoto, Japan, when governments promised they would reduce emissions of carbon-based gases _________33 1990 levels by 2012. In Kyoto, the European Union agreed to cut emissions by 8%, Japan by 6%, and the USA by 7%. At the conference in The Hague, Britain declared that it was one of the few countries _________34 its emissions, but critics asked if this was due to government policy _________35 the decline in the coal industry. The EU _________36 the USA (the world's biggest polluter producing 24% of the world's emissions) that it had not met its targets. The USA firmly denied it was making excuses and said the targets were _________37 unrealistic that it was difficult to meet them.
_________38, some government ministers reluctantly admitted that they might need to cut global emissions by up to 60% in the long-term. However, many developing countries refused to sign any pollution agreements; they said it would harm their _________39 and insisted that the developed countries lead _________40 way. As a result, the developed countries should make everyone _________41 that it is important to meet the targets mentioned as soon as possible.
31. a) reaching b) to reach c) in reaching d) as to reach
32. a) much b) more c) less d) fewer
33. a) down b) beneath c) underneath d) below
34. a) reduce b) reduced c) being reduced d) reducing
35. a) and b) or c) nor d) not
36. a) reminded b) remembered c) recalled d) retained
37. a) too b) very c) so d) such
38. a) Having warned c) To be warned
b) Warning d) Having been warned
39. a) economic development c) economical development
b) developing economically d) developing economic
40. a) a b) some c) the d) O
41. a) to notice b) notice c) to be noticed d) noticed
SECTION III. READING/ Questions 42- 65 (24 x 1.5 = 36 points)
Text 1.
Three sentences have been deleted from the text below. Choose the alternative (A - D) that would best fit in each blank (42 -44) and mark your choice on the answer sheet. There is one extra sentence which you don't need to use.
Desperate Afghan Women Choose Fiery Suicides
Nineteen-year-old Zahara says the day of her wedding was one of the happiest of her life. But the marriage quickly became a nightmare of quarrels and beatings. Just three months later, she lies in hospital, her pretty face and much of her body scarred by horrific burns, after she poured petrol over her head and lit a match. (42) _______
Zahara is one of many women to attempt suicide rather than be trapped in an unhappy marriage. Lying on a filthy hospital bed in the city of Herat, she clearly found it painful to speak. "My body was black from beatings," she said. "I was happy to kill myself because life was unbearable." Zahara said her husband insulted her when she said she wanted to return to her family and threatened her with a gun. (43) _______ "He thought I was joking, but I took the matches and set myself on fire," she said. Zahara is fortunate to come from a closely knit family which plans to take her to Iran for treatment soon.
In the past year, the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission has recorded at least 110 cases of self-immolation (killing oneself by burning) by women in just five parts of the country. There have been no fewer than 56 cases in Herat, a Western province ruled by a forceful Islamist accused of continuing "Taliban-like" restrictions on women.
The Rights Commission blamed Herat's high number of suicides on both domestic violence and restrictions on women's rights imposed by Governor Ismail Khan. While Khan supports female education, women's job opportunities are sharply reduced in Herat and all women are still expected to wear cover-all burqas or Iranian-style veils whenever they go out.
Marjo Stroud, of the German NGO Medica Mondiale in Herat says depression rates among women are extremely high. The main reason for this seems to be lack of hope. (44) ______ "Even if their families support them, they don't know if their job opportunities might suddenly end." Khan has, for instance, discouraged women from joining nongovernmental organizations, saying that Afghans who allowed their wives to work with foreign men could not be real men. Women have also been banned from working in tailors' shops because of "the potential for un-Islamic activity" and the only driving school for women has been shut down.
A. Eventually he said she should kill herself if she was so unhappy.
B. What is more, the drugs against depression are very rare and expensive in Afghanistan.
C. "Many young women are afraid that their dreams of getting a career will never come true," she said.
D. In post-Taliban Afghanistan, despite the new laws protecting women's rights that the Western-backed government passed in January, this remains a depressingly familiar story.
Text 2. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Hair Loss
I. British men are most likely to worry about receding hairlines but are the least likely to do anything about the problem. Only Germans take the issue as seriously as their European neighbors, but they use hair-loss treatments, while Britons shave off what little they have, according to a poll published Tuesday. "There are so many myths and misconceptions about hair loss, and so, a lot of men are quite understandably suspicious of so-called miracle cures," said Dr Tim Mitchell. "But we can do a great deal more for men who are losing their hair than even a few years ago," he added in a statement. In a poll of 1,500 men in Britain, Spain, Germany, France and Italy, Britons and Germans were most likely to admit their hair loss made them feel old, less attractive and more self-doubting. Men in Spain, Germany and France dedicated more of their time and money to hair care than those in Italy or Britain. Spaniards and Germans said tackling the problem was particularly important to them and if a treatment helped, it made them feel healthier, more attractive and confident.
II. Hair loss affects about 50 percent of adult men. Male patterned hair loss (MPHL), or androgenetica alopecia, is the most common form of hair loss in men. About 6.5 million men in Britain have mild to moderate MPHL. It is inherited from one or both parents. Their hair follicles - holes in the skin from which hairs grow - are oversensitive to the effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a male sex hormone which is converted from testosterone. Mitchell advised men suffering from hair loss to see their doctor or pharmacist early.
45. The text mainly discusses ________.
a) how European men view hair loss
b) miracle cures for hair loss
c) how German men handle the problem of hair loss
d) how to stop hair loss
46. Which of the following is TRUE?
a) German men use less hair loss treatment than British men.
b) Italian men spend more time on hair care than Spanish men.
c) German men believe bald men look more attractive.
d) British men worry about hair loss but do little about it.
47. The word 'misconceptions' in paragraph I is closest in meaning to ________.
a) useless drugs c) improvements
b) wrong beliefs d) useful drugs
48. The word 'self-doubting' in paragraph I is closest in meaning to ________.
a) self-confident b) selfish c) insecure d) handsome
49. What does those in paragraph I refer to?
a) Spain, Germany and France c) time and money
b) men in Spain, Germany and France d) men
50. What does their in paragraph II refer to?
a) both parents c) British men
b) men with MPHL d) adult men
Text 3. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Kyoto Protcol
I. The '''Kyoto Protocol''' was discussed in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, opened for signature on March 16, 1998, and closed on March 15, 1999. Countries which approve this protocol will reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which increase global warming. The goal is to lower overall production of six greenhouse gases. National targets range from 8% reductions for the European Union to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia, and permitted increases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland.
II. The protocol operates in an interesting way. Each country has agreed to limit emissions to the levels described in the protocol, but many countries have limits that are set above their current production. These extra amounts can be purchased by other countries on the open market. So, for instance, Russia currently easily meets its targets, and can sell off its ''credits'' for millions of dollars to countries that don't yet meet their targets, Canada for instance. This rewards countries that meet their targets, and provides financial support to others to do so as soon as possible.
III. As of February 2002, the agreement had been ratified by 104 countries, representing 43.9% of emissions. Countries do not need to sign the treaty in order to ratify it; signing is a symbolic act only. A total of 19 countries had signed the protocol but not ratified it. The remaining 58 countries had neither signed nor ratified the protocol.
IV. The protocol left several issues open, to be decided later. They tried to resolve these issues at a meeting in 2000, but it wasn't possible to reach an agreement due to clashes between the European Union on the one hand (which demanded a stricter agreement) and the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia on the other (which wanted the agreement to be less demanding and more flexible).
V. The Kyoto Protocol limits emissions to a percentage increase or decrease from their 1990 levels. Since 1990, the economies of most countries in the former Soviet Union have collapsed. Because of this, Russia should have no problem with Kyoto, as its current emission levels are considerably below its targets. Therefore, Russia was expected to approve the treaty. However, those who had hoped Russia would approve were disappointed in 2003 when Putin indicated his unwillingness to sign. The reason for this was the open criticism by Russian scientists for the scientific basis of Kyoto - the hypothesis that CO2 is a major cause of world climate change.
VI. The United States has neither approved nor withdrawn from the protocol. George W. Bush has indicate
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SECTION I. USE OF ENGLISH ( 35 x 1 = 35 points)
Choose the most suitable alternatives to complete the following texts.
Text 1.
A report published by the Center for the Public Interest says Americans spend about half their food budgets _____ (1) meals eaten outside the home. Many restaurants, cafes and diners have increased the size of their servings. It is difficult to know the amount of fat and nutrients in the food _____ (2) in restaurants. Processed foods sold in food stores are ____ (3) to include this information. The food industry advertises a lot and not always truthfully. McDonald's and Hershey Foods have given money to an international food organization to set up an Internet Web site. Their goal is to get children _____ (4) more. However, critics say the food industry is not trying _____ (5) to protect the public's health.
1. a) for b) in c) on d) at
2. a) serves b) served c) which serves d) which served
3. a) required b) received c) requested d) recommended
4. a) to exercise b) exercise c) exercised d) for exercising
5. a) enough hardly b) enough hard c) hard enough d) hardly enough
Text 2.
Canadian researchers have discovered a set of genes that determine the lifespan of the common nematode, a type of worm. This _____ (6) shreds new light on the aging process which may eventually allow _____ (7) the inexorable process of aging and death.The team at McGill University in Montreal was able to increase the lifespan of the nematode fivefold by manipulating the newly discovered genes. Altering the genes apparently slowed the metabolism of the worms to _____ (8) leisurely pace. This in turn may slow the accumulation of the DNA defects thought to _____ (9) aging. Although there are undoubtedly other factors _____ (10) to aging in humans, researchers are confident that the discovery will _____ (11) invaluable clues about this mysterious process.
6. a) invention b) finding c) notion d) conclusion
7. a) them to delay c) for them delaying
b) them delaying d) for them to delaying
8. a) much b) a more c) more d) a such
9. a) take on b) cure c) lead to d) struggle
10. a) contributing b) donating c) advancing d) improving
11. a) benefit b) achieve c) attain d) provide
Text 3.
Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. _____ (12) , the vital ingredient in a rose fragnance _____ (13) from natural rose oil at a cost of thousands of dollars a pound. Since the early twentieth century, success in reproducing these substances _____ (14) a new industry that today produces hundreds of artificial flavors and odors. Some natural fragnances are easily synthesized; these _____ (15) vanillin, the aromatic ingredient in vanilla and benzaldehyde, the aromatic ingredient in wild cherries. Other fragnances, _____(16), have dozens, even hundreds of components. It has only recently been possible to separate and identify these ingredients by _____ (17) of gas chromatography and spectroscopy. Once the chemical identity is known, it is often possible _____ (18) them. Nevertheless, there are some complex substances which have still not been duplicated satisfactorily. _____ (19) is the aroma of fresh coffee. Many of the chemical compounds that _____ (20) these synthetics are identical to those _____ (21) in nature and are as harmless or harmful as the natural substances. New products must be tested for safety, and _____ (22) used in food, must be _____ (23) by the Food and Drug Administration.
12. a) An example b) Such as c) For example d) So that
13. a) is extracted b) extracts c) extracted d) is extracting
14. a) created b) has created c) had created d) creates
15. a) include b) consist c) compose d) maintain
16. a) however b) but c) because d) so
17. a) ways b) means c) way d) mean
18. a) to synthesize c) that for synthesizing
b) for synthesizing d) that to synthesize
19. a) One of these b) Either of these c) Some of these d) Between these
20. a) put up b) bring up c) make up d) set up
21. a) which found b) are found c) be found d) found
22. a) when b) during c) while d) as
23. a) approved b) proved c) confirmed d) claimed
Text 4.
Thirty-eight of the fifty American states have laws _____ (24) them to execute people found guilty of capital crimes. Capital punishment is one of the _____ (25) debated issues in the United States today. Opponents say the death sentence is too severe. Others say that people who kill should die for their crimes. In 1972, _____ (26) Supreme Court of the United States banned executions. It _____ (27) its decision on two amendments to the Constitution. The court ruled that the death penalty was cruel and unusual _____ (28) the way the states enforced it. Yet the decision left open the possibility that capital punishment might be accepted in the future. The decision meant this could happen if people _____ (29) only for some crimes, under limited conditions. More than eight-hundred men and women have been executed in the United States _____ (30) nineteen-seventy-six. Almost three-hundred of them were in the state of Texas. Three years ago, the governor of Illinois, George Ryan, decided the state could take no more chances that it might execute people who were not guilty. He suspended all executions in the state until their death penalty system was _____ .(31) Governor Ryan _____ (32) a committee of legal experts and other citizens to do this. After a two-year study, the committee raised questions about the fairness of _____ (33) . It also said some prisoners were given bad legal advice. It discovered wrongdoing by police officers as well. The committee suggested there _____ (34) eighty-five reforms. They included _____ (35) to improve collecting and presenting evidence in cases that involved the death penalty.
24. a) permit b) permitting c) which is permitted d) permitted
25. a) widest b) wider c) much wider d) most widely
26. a) ............ b) a c) the d) an
27. a) set b) organized c) depended d) based
28. a) because of b) because c) due d) despite
29. a) executed b) had executed c) were executed d) will be executed
30. a) since b) in c) until d) before
31. a) studied b) could be studied c) could study d) could have studied
32. a) applied b) charged c) established d) responded
33. a) to sentence b) to be sentenced c) sentencing d) sentenced
34. a) are b) to be c) being d) be
35. a) measures b) measurements c) dimensions d) divergences
SECTION II. READING COMPREHENSION ( 30 x 1.5 = 45 points)
Text 1. (Questions 36-41) Read the text below and choose the best alternative according to the information in it.
Solar radiation is the principal source of energy for the natural processes that create diversity and change on the earth. However, if the earth continually received energy from the sun without returning an equal amount to space, the oceans would boil and the land would be scorched. Since the average temperature of the atmosphere remains nearly the same from one year to the next, the earth must be returning about as much energy to space as it receives from the sun.
Of course, not all locations on earth have equal energy gains and losses. Each year, tropical regions receive a greater amount of energy than they radiate back into space. Polar regions, on the other hand, annually lose more energy to space than they receive from the sun. We know that the tropical regions are not progressively heating up nor are the polar regions cooling off. This means that there must be a flow, or flux, of energy from areas of excess to areas of deficiency. The atmosphere and oceans circulate the energy that the earth receives, transporting warm air and water from the topics toward the poles while moving cool air and water back toward the equator.
36. In line 3, "scorched" is closest in meaning to ___________________ .
a) burned b) flooded c) deserted d) damaged
37. In line 5, "it" refers to ___________________ .
a) energy b) the temperature c) the earth d) space
38. In line 10, "areas of deficiency" means areas where something is ___________________ .
a) lacking b) incompatible c) adequate d) sufficient
39 . The temperature of the earth ___________________ .
a) is rising steadily because of the changes in the sun.
b) remains almost unchanged because the earth is cooled by space.
c) is rising steadily because the earth stores up energy from the sun.
d) remains almost unchanged because the earth gives off as much energy as it absorbs.
40. How do we know that there is a flux of energy?
a) because the tropical regions are not heating up and polar regions are not cooling off.
b) because the earth receives energy from the sun and returns an equal amount to space.
c) because polar regions lose more energy to space than they receive from the sun.
d) because tropical regions lose more energy to space than they receive from the sun.
41 . The energy received from the sun is ________________________________ .
a) returned from the earth to the sun.
b) cooled.
c) radiated back into space.
d) redirected by the atmosphere and oceans.
Text 2. (Questions 42-49) Read the text and choose the best alternative according to the information in it.
TV presenters have always taken a lot of criticism. Daytime television hosts who drip with insincerity make it look easy and we all think we can do better. Presenting is one of the most sought-after jobs according to a recent survey. Every year, television companies are flooded with letters from young hopefuls. Unfortunately, their chances of getting on screen are slim. To do so, it is often who you know , not what you know.
But this doesn't deter thousands from parting with their hard-earned cash to go on training courses in the hope that this will give them an advantage. I went along to a one-day presenters' course held in a real television studio, with proper chat show sofas, two cameras and an Autocue (a machine put next to a camera, displaying the words to be spoken). It even had talkback, a sort of hearing aid the presenter wears to receive instructions, and there were even light and sound technicians.
Ten of us had turned up. Ambitions ranged from Paul's- to read The News, to Kate's- to host a game show. Tina was ' just doing it for a laugh'. Hayley was under no illusions about why she wanted to go on TV, "I'm really attracted to the glamour of the job. I think if people are honest, that's why they want to do it. I want to be really famous." Others made virtuous noises about wanting to meet interesting people or make high quality programmes but, judging by the looks on everyone's faces, Hayley had hit the nail on the head.
The initial task we were given was to talk about ourselves to camera. I volunteered to go first. Well, what could be so difficult? "Switch to camera one, stand by, Fiona, and three to go ... two to go ... good luck." Our tutor's hand came down with a professional flourish, the lights came up and I was on. I stared deep into the camera lens for inspiration. It didn't come. "Say something," urged a voice in my talkback ear. This was the producer in the control room. "Erm, good afternoon, er, morning that is, ha ha, I forgot what what time it was
for a minute ..." I gradually went silent.
42. What is the main subject of the first paragraph?
a) viewers' attitudes towards TV presenters.
b) the kind of people who work as TV presenters.
c) how hard it is to become a TV presenter.
d) how easy TV presenters' jobs are.
43. What does the writer say about the course she did in the second paragraph?
a) She wasn't expecting it to be of benefit to those taking it.
b) She had difficulty understanding what some of the equipment did.
c) It wasn't typical of many other courses of the same type.
d) It recreated the circumstances in which presenters actually work.
44. What does the writer say about the other people taking the course?
a) Some of them were looking forward to it more than others.
b) Most of them were doing it because they wanted to be famous
c) Some of them knew more about what it involved than others
d) Most of them wanted to present a specific kind of programe.
45. When the writer had to talk about herself on camera, she ______________ .
a) was unsure about what the tutor wanted her to do.
b) got confused by what the producer said to her.
c) wasn't sure when she was supposed to speak.
d) wasn't able to think of anything to say about herself.
46. In line 4, 'do so' refers to ______________ .
a) be employed as a presenter.
b) have slim chances.
c) know important people
d) receive a lot of papers.
47. In line 6, 'this' refers to ________________ .
a) attending training courses c) being a TV presenter
b) earning money in a tough way d) spending money to get on screen
48. In line 11, the word 'illusions' is closest in meaning to _______________.
a) theories b) false effects c) ambitions d) false ideas
49. In line 18, 'it' refers to ______________.
a) light b) inspiration c) writer's voice d) writer's comment
Text 3. (Questions 50 - 53) Read the text and choose the best alternative according to the information in it.
The electronic computer began life during the Second World War as a high-powered calculating machine for dealing with complex mathematical problems, but in the intervening forty years it has changed a great deal.
The vast majority of computers nowadays are used for relatively humdrum tasks such as storing, classifying, sorting, cataloguing and retrieving information of all kinds. This has become possible because of the cheapness of mass-produced chips; as the technology improves, the chips work at ever-increasing speeds, allowing more work to be done in the same time, and memories become 'larger', which really means cramming more data into the same tiny space. Much of this development is a spin-off from the space programme, and from work on controlling missile systems. The problems involved in controlling fleets of missiles are so huge that a massive research effort has gone into producing powerful computers to carry out the necessary calculations at the speed needed. Eventually, this effort should provide benefits in civilian life. Already one effect is accurate weather forecasts produced with the aid of large 'supercomputers', which benefit oil exploration, airlines, the construction industry and many others who need to plan for different weather conditions.
50 . In line 4, "humdrum" is closest in meaning to ______________ .
a) extraordinary b) monotonous c) exciting d) new
51 . In line 5, "this" refers to ______________ .
a) using computers for humdrum tasks c) using computers as calculating machines
b) the vast majority of computers d) the improvement in technology
52 . What does "which" in line 13 refer to?
a) necessary calculations c) planning for different weather conditions
b) benefits in civilian life d) accurate weather forecasts
53 . The development in electronic computers was partly triggered by ______________ .
a) the need for oil exploration and construction industry.
b) the need for improving weather forecasting
c) the progress made in space technology.
d) the cheapness of mass-produced chips.
Text 4. (Questions 54 - 62) Read the text and choose the best alternative according to the information in it.
It's a sound you will probably never hear, a sickened tree sending out a distress signal. But a group of scientists has heard the cries, and they think some insects also hear the trees and are drawn to them like vultures to a dying animal.
Researchers with the U.S. Forest Service fastened sensors to the bark of drought-stricken trees and clearly heard distress calls. According to one of the scientists, most parched trees transmit their plight in the 50- to 500-kilohertz range. (The unaided human ear can detect no more than 20 kilohertz.) Red oak, maple, white pine, and birch all make slightly different sounds in the form of vibrations at the surface of the wood.
The scientists think that the vibrations are created when the water columns inside tubes that run the length of the tree break, a result of too little water flowing through them. These fractured columns send out distinctive vibration patterns. Because some insects communicate at ultrasonic frequencies, they may pick up the trees' vibrations and attack the weakened trees. Researchers are now running tests with potted trees that have been deprived of water to see if the sound is what attracts the insects. "Water-stressed trees also smell differently from other trees, and they experience thermal changes, so insects could be responding to something other than sound," one scientist said.
54. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
a) the vibrations produced by insects
b) the mission of the U.S. Forest Service
c) the effect of insects on trees
d) the sounds made by trees
55 . The word "them" in line 3 refers to __________.
a) trees b) scientists c) insects d) vultures
56 . The word "parched" in line 6 is closest in meaning to __________.
a) burned b) dehydrated c) recovered d) reduced
57 . The word "plight" in line 6 is closest in meaning to _________.
a) cry b) condition c) anger d) struggle
58 . The word "fractured" in line 11 is closest in meaning to _________.
a) long b) blocked c) hollow d) broken
59 . The word "they" in line 12 refers to _________.
a) ultrasonic frequencies b) trees vibrations c) some insects d) weak trees
60 . In the passage, the writer infers that the sounds produced by the trees _________ .
a) serve as a form of communication among trees
b) are the same no matter what type of tree produces them
c) cannot be heard by the unaided human ear
d) fall into the 1 -20-kilohertz range
61. Which of the following could be considered a cause of the trees' distress signals?
a) torn roots b) attacks by insects c) experiments by scientists d) lack of water
62. It can be inferred from the passage that research concerning the distress signals of
trees ______________.
a) was conducted many years ago
b) has been unproductive
c) is continuing
d) is no longer sponsored by the government
SENTENCE DELETION (Questions 63-65)
In the following text, three sentences have been deleted. Choose from the list of sentences A-D the one which BEST fits each gap and write the letter of the sentence in the gap. There is ONE EXTRA sentence which you do NOT need to use.
The End of Intelligence
"Will machines ever be more intelligent than humans? The answer is clearly, yes!" So began a lecture given last month to the British Association for the Advancement of Science by Professor Kevin Warwick of Reading University.
Sounding like a mad scientist from a bad movie, Warwick continued to draw some worrying conclusions from his prediction. "If machines can be made as intelligent as humans, he said, "then that's really it for the human race." He believes that humans will not be in charge of the Earth anymore. The machines will take over and either destroy us or force us to lead a slave-type existence. "People who say it will never happen are not being realistic."
At first glance, this looks like the fantasy of a man who has spent too long with toy robots and has lost touch with reality. 63____ For perhaps the most worrying thing about his view on the future of robots and the human race is that many other people working in artificial intelligence do not think that such views are particularly eccentric.
A few years ago, Hans Moravec, the director of the Mobile Robot Laboratory in Pittsburgh, published a book called Mind Children. In it he predicted the coming of the robot age and the end of the human race. 64____ We humans will benefit for a time from their work, but sooner or later, like natural children, they will seek their independence. Meanwhile, we, their aged parents will fade away. Both scientists believe that robots with human intelligence will be common within 50 years. Warwick claims that machines more intelligent than humans will be built 'certainly within the lifetime of our children'.
Are all the people working in computers mad? 65_____ Is there any reason to believe these predictions? "At present," Warwick claims, "we can make an exact copy of the brain and intelligence of some more primitive life forms, for example, insects. We can also create artificial animals which can take on a more defensive or aggressive role."
A) He also predicted that robots - the children of our minds -will be able to develop more quickly than we can to face the enormous challenges in the larger universe.
B) Or do they know something we don't?
C) But what does it mean in practice?
D) But if Professoe Warwick is mad, then so are a lot of his colleagues.
SECTION III. WRITING (20 points)
Write an essay of 250-300 words on ONE of the topics below.
Use the regular format to organize your essay. (Introduction / thesis statement with controlling idea(s) / body paragraphs with specific examples / conclusion)
For question number 1, you may use the graph given as support for your essay.
1) Why are big cities getting overcrowded? Discuss.
2) What are the effects of computers on our lives? Discuss.
3) Capital punishment should be abolished. Agree or disagree.
NOTE: Examples for essays on the 3 topics above are given on the Proficiency page, under writing.
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SECTION I. USE of ENGLISH / Questions 1-35 (35 x 1 = 35 points)
Choose the alternative that best fits in each blank to make the texts meaningful.
Text 1.
To Clone or Not!
Britain's Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA) and the Human Genetics Advisory Commission (HGAC) have advised the government to let research on human cloning for therapeutic purposes 1_____ under specific circumstances. They recommended that the purposes 2_____ human embryos may be used for in research be extended. The government, 3_____, has decided to keep a complete ban on such research while other advisers reconsider the issue. In an editorial, New Scientist described this as a huge mistake and asked how 4_____. An expert advisory group has 5_____ advise on the recommendation by the HFEA and the HGAC. The report written by the HFEA and HGAC recognises that extending the purposes is not a simple matter. It recommends that the government consider changing the law to allow further uses of human embryos in research. However, changing this law is a big step 6_____ further details on needs and risks and serious consideration of certain issues raised by using human embryos.
1. a) to proceed b) which proceed c) proceed d) and proceed
2. a) what b) which c) whose d) why
3. a) however b) whereas c) consequently d) therefore
4. a) could holding up such vital research be justified
b) could they justify holding up such vital research
c) justified could holding up such vital research be
d) holding up such vital research could be justified
5. a) assigned to c) been assigned for
b) been assigned to d) been assigning for
6. a) where required b) for requiring c) requiring d) to require
Text 2.
Ants and Traffic
Can ants provide answers to traffic problems? A German scientist says ants can teach humans how 7_____ traffic. 8_____ ant colonies for several years, Dirk Helbing, of Dresden University, was able to see how they 9_____with heavy insect traffic. In a scientific test, Helbing and colleagues from two other universities studied how ants crossed a bridge between their nest and a food source when they had a choice between two 10_____ paths. When there were few ants, or little traffic, they mainly used one path. This was because ants left traces of pheromones on paths 11_____ used and the more of these traces there were on a path, 12_____ to other ants. The ants only started to use the second path when the first one was becoming too crowded. Scientists say this is 13_____ to the way the growth of cities prevents main traffic routes from 14____. And they hope 15_____ the mathematical model of 'ant algorithms' to better regulate data traffic on the internet.
7. a) can they regulate c) can it be regulated
b) them to regulate d) to regulate
8. a) Having studied c) Being studied
b) For studying d) To be studying
9. a) fell out b) dealt c) got along d) took
10. a) long equally c) equally long
b) equal in length d) length equal
11. a) where b) which c) that d) they
12. a) it was more attractive c) the more attractive it was
b) it was more attractive than d) more attractive it was than
13. a) same b) unlike c) different d) similar
14. a) getting blocked c) to get blocked
b) to be blocked d) getting to block
15. a) that to use b) them to use c) to use d) they would use
Text 3.
Types of Diving
Of all the types of diving, free diving is the oldest and simplest. In fact, people 16_____ into seas and oceans long before diving equipment was invented. 17_____ no equipment is necessary for free diving, most free divers use a face mask, foot fins, and a snorkel. Free divers must hold their breath under the surface. Most free divers can only descend 30 to 40 feet, 18 _____ some skilled divers can go as deep as 100 feet.
Scuba diving provides a greater 19_____ than free diving. The word scuba 20_____ self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Scuba divers wear metal tanks with compressed air or other breathing gases. 21_____ using open-circuit equipment, a scuba diver simply breathes air from the tank through a hose and 22_____ the exhaled air into the water. A closed-circuit breathing device, also called a re-breather, filters out carbon dioxide and other harmful gases and automatically adds oxygen, 23_____ the diver to breathe the same air over and over.
In surface supplied diving, divers wear helmets and water proof canvas suits. Today, sophisticated plastic helmets have replaced the heavy copper helmets which divers 24_____ in the past. A hose connected to compressors on a boat 25_____ air for the diver. Surface-supplied divers can go deeper than any other type of diver.
16. a) would have dived c) will have dived
b) had dived d) have dived
17. a) However b) Whether c) Since d) Although
18. a) while b) instead of c) in fact d) contrary to
19. a) proportion b) range c) composition d) property
20. a) results from b) is derived from c) stands for d) leads to
21. a) During b) When c) As long as d) Providing that
22. a) releases b) retreats c) exploits d) transports
23. a) to be enabled b) being enabled c) and enabling d) enabling
24. a) would have worn c) used to wear
b) would be wearing d) used to wearing
25. a) provokes b) provides c) prevents d) prohibits
Text 4.
Just Passing By
The planet Venus crosses directly in front of the sun only twice a century - and on June 8, 2004, this event happened for the first time since 1882. The transit always takes only about six hours.
In 1627, the great German astronomer Johannes Kepler first 26_____ a transit of Venus, but he died 27_____ he could witness the 1631 event. In 1769, the explorer Captain James Cook - just a lieutenant at the time - made his first voyage to the South Pacific 28_____ to view that year's transit from Tahiti. Moreover, more than 50 expeditions 29_____ from the U.S., Britain, Russia and other nations to every corner of the earth to see the 1874 transit.
There was an important reason to make such efforts: 30_____ the moments a transit began and ended from different points on Earth, astronomers could use trigonometry to 31_____ calculate the distance from Earth to the sun. That was 32_____ in theory than in practice, though, and nowadays astronomers use other methods to measure the distance to the sun. Last June, the world was watching out of 33_____ and wondered at seeing a planet 34_____ across the face of the sun - first hand proof that the seemingly two-dimensional sky is anything but. A transit is coming June 6, 2012. The people who miss that one are out of luck because there 35_____ be another transit until 2117.
26. a) managed b) positioned c) established d) predicted
27. a) before b) unless c) until d) while
28. a) so that b) in case c) as well as d) in order
29. a) are launched b) launched c) were launched d) have launched
30. a) having been recorded c) that recorded
b) being recorded d) by recording
31. a) frequently b) precisely c) ultimately d) absolutely
32. a) easier b) easily c) easiest d) more easily
33. a) complexity b) determination c) curiosity d) decision
34. a) move b) to move c) moved d) being moved
35. a) needn't b) will c) could d) won't
SECTION II. READING COMPREHENSION / Questions 36-65 (30 x 1.5 = 45 points)
Text 1. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Want To Be Slim? Cut Your Blood Supply!
Scientists have found a new way to make the obese slim again - by cutting off the blood supply to the layers of fat that are a health hazard for hundreds of millions of people. The technique called "molecular liposuction" so far works only in mice. A team at the University of Houston, Texas, report in Nature Medicine Today that weeks of treatment by an experimental drug restored the normal weight of mice that had doubled their size on a high-fat "cafeteria" diet.
"If even a fraction of what we found in mice relates to human biology, then we are cautiously optimistic that there may be a new way to think about reversing obesity," said Renata Pasqualini, of the University of Texas at Houston.
Obesity is now one of the biggest problems in world health. Almost one American in three is seriously overweight. One British person in four is clinically obese. Even in the developing world, obesity levels are rising rapidly. Obesity has been linked to adult-onset type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular hazards and increased risks of cancer. Health authorities have urged people to eat less, choose a diet richer in fruit and vegetables and exercise more.
Cosmetic surgeons have promoted liposuction - the drastic removal of fat - and stomach surgery. Geneticists have been trying to make a hereditary connection - because some groups of people seem to be at greater risk of obesity - and research groups have been studying the hormonal cycles linked with eating in the search for appetite-suppressing pills.
However, the Texas team tried an approach already being investigated as a cancer treatment. In theory, life-threatening tumours would first halt and then decline if you could cut off the blood supply to the cancerous tissue. The growth of fat tissue, too, depends on a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients delivered in the blood. These fat cells are abnormally greedy for oxygen, and half a kilo of fat contains a mile of blood vessels, according to one estimate. Blood vessels differ according to the "postal code addresses" they serve. So the Houston scientists, based at the university's M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, searched for unique protein markers that would identify only those blood cells that served fatty tissue.
They found one called prohibitin, already known to regulate cell survival and growth. They attached to it a synthetic drug already known from cancer trial to cause a cell to self-destruct. Then they injected it into mice that had become grossly overweight on a high-fat, sugary diet. Within four weeks, the mice had reached their normal weight again. The fat had been reabsorbed and metabolised. Other collaborators looked for evidence of toxic or unpleasant side effects - such as fat accumulation in the liver and blood - and found none. But further trials are needed.
36. Molecular liposuction is _____.
a) cutting out the fat layers that are a threat to the body
b) supplying blood to the layers of fat
c) stopping blood from getting to the fat layers
d) going on a high-fat "cafeteria" diet
37. Which of the following sentences is true according to the article?
a) Most Americans prefer molecular liposuction to liposuction.
b) Mice and human biology are totally different.
c) The drug hasn't been experimented on humans yet.
d) Pasqualini doesn't believe that reversing obesity is possible.
38. Obesity _____.
a) is more common in Britain than in America
b) has decreased sharply in the developing countries
c) is usually the result of cancer
d) may lead to cardiovascular problems
39. Cosmetic surgeons, geneticists and research groups all _____.
a) promote liposuction as the remedy to obesity
b) have different approaches in the treatment of obesity
c) seem to be at greater risk of obesity
d) study the hormonal cycles and search for appetite-suppressing pills
40. Fat cells _____.
a) need the nutrients in the blood
b) don't need any oxygen
c) help treat tumours
d) supply blood to cancerous tissue
41. What does 'it' in line 28 refer to?
a) cell b) survival c) growth d) prohibitin
42. The word 'collaborators' in line 31 could best be replaced by _____.
a) researchers b) geneticists c) surgeons d) cosmetologists
43. The experimental drug _____.
a) seems to have toxic side effects
b) causes fat to accumulate in the liver
c) raises the amount of fat in the heart
d) causes a cell to destroy itself
44. The article mainly deals with _____.
a) how the biology of mice relates to the biology of humans
b) the connection found between cancer and obesity
c) how a high-fat "cafeteria" diet can be used for humans
d) new research connected with the treatment of obesity
Text 2. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
New IDs
When defending his proposal for a national ID card scheme, United Kingdom Home Secretary David Blunkett said that it could be effective in fighting terrorism. Draft legislation outlining the plans for the scheme will be published on Monday and a pilot trial is due to begin soon. However, civil rights groups say it is a "myth" that the cards will prevent terror attacks, thus indicating their opposition to the proposal. As an answer to these groups, Mr. Blunkett told the BBC: "This is not a dream. This is real. This is about recognising the massive change that's taken place in the world." Speaking on a BBC programme called One's Breakfast With Frost, he said the proposed programme would begin voluntarily before including the whole population. "Within three years we will be in a position to start everyone having a biometric passport issued and along with it a biometric card." This would include specific identifiers like iris scans, finger prints or facial recognition. "Within seven years we'd start to move towards a position where people generally across the whole population have got an ID card," he said. "At that point, we've agreed that we'll present a report to parliament on how it's working and whether it should be compulsory, and at that point we'll have a vote." Mr. Blunkett said the cards would stop terrorists from using multiple identities, which would help prevent attacks.
"The Spanish do have an ID card - but it isn't a foolproof biometric card with a database, with the ability to test not only the card, but actually the person and the card they hold. That's what will be potentially possible and this will ensure that they can't have multiple identities." Cards could also help fight so-called health tourism and benefit fraud, Mr. Blunkett suggested. "The exploitation of our services, particularly our health and welfare services, is something we'll be able to control. In other words, it will stop fraud in such areas." he said. "We'll be able to ensure that through true identity we can avoid clandestine entry to the country and working illegally." He also said that it would ensure that people who benefit from social welfare are only those who are entitled to it. The scheme would not depend on people carrying their cards at all times. Mr. Blunkett said the technology would allow officials to double-check someone's identity simply by scanning, for example, an iris or a fingerprint. He said: "This is about true identity: true identity will enable us to know who is who and who is in the country. Thus, we will be able to trace them. We will know what they're entitled to, or what their intentions are."
However, the proposal faces opposition among Labour's own members, with Labour MP David Winnick saying the entire idea should be "dropped". "I think this is a very costly exercise which will not do what is claimed by the home secretary and other enthusiasts," he said. Civil rights group Liberty raised concerns that the government would be unable to keep personal data secure, raising privacy concerns. Executive director Shami Chakrabarti said, "David Blunkett is too quick to offer various draconian measures as a magic bullet to erase fears and solve our current problems such as terrorism, illegal immigration and so on." Campaigners say having several methods of identification, including passports, driving licences and benefit cards, is the safest option.
Ministers have said the £3.1 billion cost of introducing a national ID card will be met by raising the cost of passports. Mr. Blunkett said it would cost approximately £31 per person to add biometric details to passports, and people would only pay around an extra £4 for the ID card element. But he said there would be concessions for people on low incomes, including the elderly and those applying for their first card at the age of 16, or poor people on welfare. Government sources say that under the new proposals, carrying false identity papers will become a specific offence for the first time, with offenders facing up to 10 years in jail.
45. The word 'it' in line 10 refers to _____.
a) biometric passport b) biometric card c) every person d) the proposal
46. The word 'clandestine' in line 23 is similar in meaning to _____.
a) restricted b) permitted c) secret d) legal
47. The word 'draconian' in line 36 is similar in meaning to _____.
a) flexible b) severe c) loose d) dangerous
48. The word 'concessions' in line 43 could best be replaced by _____.
a) reductions b) classification c) division d) disadvantages
49. Which of the following is true about the national ID card?
a) Civil Rights groups are supportive of it.
b) It will be compulsory for everyone in the next three years.
c) There will be a vote in parliament in about seven years.
d) Mr. Blunkett does not think it is necessary to have a test period.
50. Which of the following does Mr. Blunkett claim?
a) Terrorist attacks cannot be prevented even if both the cards and the holders are tested.
b) Once the cards are in use, it will be possible to better control health and welfare services.
c) People across the country will have to carry their new ID cards with them all the time.
d) The Spanish are already using a biometric ID card just like the one he proposed.
51. Which is true according to the article?
a) The scheme is supported by most civilians in the country.
b) Illegal immigrants will probably be in favour of the scheme.
c) The implementation of the new card system has not raised any financial worries.
d) Members of Liberty think the new card may be a threat to people's privacy.
52. Which of the following is not given by Blunkett as an advantage of the new ID card?
a) It will stop people from using multiple identities.
b) It will indirectly contribute to the economy of the country.
c) It will make it easy to trace the people who enter the country.
d) It will help fight terrorist attacks and illegal immigration.
53. Which of the following is not discussed in the article?
a) Why the government wants to stop paying welfare benefits to the unemployed
b) How people carrying false identification papers will be punished
c) Whether carrying false identification will be regarded as a specific offence
d) How much it will cost a person to have his/her new biometric ID card issued
54. The author's purpose in writing this article is to _____.
a) introduce Home Secretary Blunkett's proposal and the reactions it has received
b) explain how Blunkett's proposal for a new ID card can help fight against terrorism
c) explain fraud such as illegal entry to the country and exploitation of social services
d) compare the newly proposed ID cards to the several other methods of identification
Text 3. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Eskimos vs. Wolves
It would be a mistake to assume that primitive societies are unable to realize the potential of their environment or to effectively cope with its demands. Given the general level of technology available, they do adapt to and manipulate their environment in a sophisticated and understanding manner for the sake of their own safety and comfort. It is possible to give countless examples to illustrate how primitive societies can effectively and somewhat shrewdly overcome the dangers of the environment. One such example is the way some Eskimo groups fight against wolves, which are a menace to their lives.
Wolves could perhaps be hunted down and killed. However, as this involves danger and causes a waste of time and energy, a simple yet ingenious device is employed. They have created a clever trap. A sharp sliver of bone is curled into a spring like shape, and seal blubber is moulded around it and left to freeze. This is then placed where it can be discovered by a hungry wolf, which, living up to its reputation, "wolfs it down". Later, as the wolf digests "this time bomb" and as the blubber disappears, the bone uncurls and its sharp ends pierce the wolf's stomach, causing internal bleeding and death. The job gets done! This is a fairly secure technique that utilizes the Eskimo appreciation of wolf psychology and its habits.
55. The word 'they' in line 3 refers to _____.
a) potentials of the environment c) demands of the environment
b) assumed mistakes d) primitive societies
56. The word 'manipulate' in line 3 is similar in meaning to _____.
a) control b) check c) fight d) beat
57. The word 'illustrate' in line 5 could best be replaced by _____.
a) assert b) argue c) show d) support
58. The word 'their' in line 7 refers to _____.
a) dangers b) wolves c) Eskimos d) fights
59. The word 'employed' in line 9 could best be replaced by ______.
a) discovered b) occupied c) overcome d) used
60. The word 'This' in line 11 refers to _____.
a) a curled spring b) a sliver of bone c) seal blubber d) the trap
61. The Eskimo's method of killing wolves, as explained in the text, is _____.
a) one that requires placing ice in the wolf's stomach
b) a more practical and clever solution than hunting
c) not very practical as it causes loss of time and energy
d) not a very secure technique since it causes death
62. The purpose of the text is to discuss _____.
a) how primitive societies can overcome environmental dangers through what little
technology they have
b) why primitive societies, such as Eskimos, do not necessarily need gun
c) whether it would be possible for societies to survive without technology
d) how some Eskimo groups kill wolves without using advanced technology
Text 4. Gapped Text (Questions 63- 65)
Three sentences have been deleted from the text below. Choose the alternative (a -d)
that would best fit in each box (63 -65) and mark the answer on the answer sheet. There is one extra sentence which you do not need.
English in African Schools
Throughout Anglophone Africa, English is seen as the key to economic power and progress and it is the preferred language of education in African classrooms. Surveys carried out in a number of schools in Africa indicate that most students in schools and colleges there prefer to be instructed in English (or French) as this greatly increases their career prospects in a rapidly globalizing world. 63. _______________ UNESCO's international literacy institute describes it as one of the most important challenges facing African countries this millennium.
English is a colonial language, and it continued to be the official language after independence in virtually all African countries that were under British rule. In some cases, it was employed to avoid ethnic tensions; in all cases, it was retained because of its prestige and association with power. 64. ________________ Students were made to feel ashamed of their mother tongue and punished for speaking it at school. In Kenya, for example, speaking in the mother tongue was forbidden in schools and punished. One popular method was to embarrass pupils by making them carry around the skull of a dead animal all day.
Today, it is difficult to use the native languages because they have not been codified and standardised. There is also a shortage of teaching materials and trained teachers in the native languages. 65. __________________ Even the terms used to refer to these languages are controversial. They include such terms as 'dialects', 'minority languages' and 'undeveloped languages' - all of which suggest that these languages are not rich in expression and are unsuitable for modern needs. They are considered incapable of being part of a modern education which includes science and technology.
a. In contrast, the native languages were seen as backward and inferior.
b. This has often been used as an excuse for not adopting them in schools.
c. This preference has caused a debate as to whether education should be carried out in the
mother tongue or in the second language.
d. Teaching foreign languages has always been one of the most popular jobs in Africa.
SECTION III. WRITING (20 points)
Write an essay of 250 - 300 words on ONE of the topics given below. Your essay must have an introduction / a clear thesis statement (with controlling idea/s), at least 2 body paragraphs with relevant supporting ideas and a conclusion. Your ideas should be organized properly.
1. With news readily available from electronic media, why are newspapers still popular? Discuss.
2. Plastic surgery for cosmetic reasons has become very popular, especially among women. Discuss the reasons for this.
3. How does reading influence a person's life? Discuss.
4. How does the educational level of people's parents affect their lives? Discuss.
WRITE YOUR ESSAY ON THE CODED SHEET PROVIDED.
Essays written on any other sheet will not be graded.
DO NOT WRITE HERE
Essays written on the pages of this booklet will NOT be graded.
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SECTION I. USE of ENGLISH / Questions 1-35 (35 x 1 = 35 points)
Choose the alternative that best fits in each blank to make the texts meaningful..
Text 1.
Why Are Children Curious?
Young children are always curious and attempting to discover and learn. They are curious 1_____ around them. Any child between the ages of four months and four years is said to be more curious than an adult scientist. Adults sometimes 2_____ a child's curiosity as a lack of ability to concentrate. The truth is that children begin to learn at birth, and 3_____ they begin school at the age of five or six, they have already absorbed an amazing 4_____ of information. This is perhaps more than 5_____ in the rest of their lives. The role of adults in the learning process of children should not be underestimated. Adults should appreciate a child's curiosity 6_____ them to learn. Only then can they contribute to the knowledge children absorb.
1. a) about everything b) in everything c) for nothing d) on anything
2. a) regard b) remark c) associate d) approve
3. a) as soon as b) by the time c) then d) soon
4. a) capacity b) total c) amount d) number
5. a) learning c) they will learn
b) they learned d) having learned
6. a) to encourage simultaneously c) during simultaneous encouragement
b) for encouraging simultaneously d) while simultaneously encouraging
Text 2.
The Magic of Trees
In today's modern computerized world, we humans have such a fast moving and short-lived life 7_____ the life of trees seems too long for 8_____. We may be excited about the prospect of a new millenium but there are trees still 9_____ firmly, which have seen millenia come and go. 3000 years is nothing to a yew. The world's oldest tree, known as Eternal God, is a 12,000 year-old redwood that lives in the Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park in California. There is a magic in trees that touches us all. The death of a tree inspires a strange empathy and may even make some people 10_____ at its loss.
7. a) than b) that c) where d) which
8. a) to imagine b) our imagining c) us to imagine d) us imagining
9. a) and stand b) having stood c) to be standing d) standing
10. a) crying b) to cry c) cried d) cry
Text 3
A Huge Treat for Cinema Audiences
Cinema audiences in every country enjoy eating popcorn during a film. Soon they will be enjoying a fatter and fluffier kind of popcorn thanks to a group of physicists in Pennsylvania. The mathematical recipe they have cooked up for the new giant popcorn could also save manufacturers and 11_____ money. D. Hong at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, devised the recipe after 12_____ a speech by Young Hwa Kim, head of a company that 13_____ physics to industrial problems. Kim, in his speech, mentioned one challenge raised by a food company: how can the size of popcorn be increased?
To find out the answer to this question, Hong and his graduate student Joseph Both adapted some standard equations of thermodynamics to 14_____ how popcorn pops. When corn is heated in a pan or cooker, water inside the corn's hard shell 15_____ steam. Eventually the steam pressure becomes high enough to break the shell open. The soft, fluffy inside then bursts out to equalize the pressure.
Hong's mathematics showed that there is a simple way to make a bigger snack. "To give popcorn a bigger volume, simply lower the pressure in the cooker," said Hong. "For example, if you want to make it 10 times larger, you need to 16_____ the pressure about 20 times," he says.
Such pressure drops would be easy for industry to 17_____. Hong has submitted his work to the journal Physical Review E. and plans to experiment within a vacuum chamber 18_____ he can see how big he can make corn in practice.
"If industry is interested, I'd be willing to work with them," he says. "Big popcorn would be fluffier and easier 19_____," he speculates, adding that it would bring more profit to any company that would be interested. "If the popcorn were 10 times larger, they 20_____ far less corn, just a tenth of the amount they do now, for the same price."
11. a) competitors b) consumers c) survivors d) advisors
12. a) hearing b) when he heard c) to hear d) that he heard
13. a) applies b) conveys c) converts d) refers
14. a) justify b) prescribe c) describe d) unify
15. a) brings up b) brings in c) turns on d) turns into
16. a) expand b) increase c) decline d) reduce
17. a) achieve b) install c) succeed d) conclude
18. a) in case b) so that c) provided that d) unless
19. a) for eating c) ate
b) eaten d) to eat
20. a) should have been using c) would be using
b) could have used d) would have used
Text 4
Effects of Drugs on Drivers
Drugs taken for therapeutic purposes can affect a person's driving more than alcohol. Ian Hindmarch of the University of Surrey studied the effect of the antidepressants 21 ______ since the 1950s. In one of his experiments, he divided the volunteers into two groups and he asked 22_____ their reactions on driving simulators. They were supposed to hit the car brakes whenever a break light flashed. If the volunteers were taking antidepressants, their reaction times were twice that of drivers who 23_____ the legal limit of alcohol just before the experiment. Currently, there is a joint project on the specifications of a drug-detection 24_____ for traffic police to use at the roadside. In addition, the Association of Chief Police Officers is trying other techniques for drug 25 _____ and ways to test drivers for any impairment in their reactions.
Can't relief of depressive symptoms improve a patient's 26_____? In fact, little 27____ known about the effects of depression itself on driving abilities. Hindmarch is planning to do research on this issue, too.
21. a) has been widely prescribed c) widely prescribed
b) has prescribed widely d) was widely prescribed
22. a) them for testing c) to test them
b) testing for them d) them to test
23. a) used to drink b) drink c) were drinking d) had drunk
24. a) device b) machinery c) appliance d) material
25. a) recognition b) addiction c) introduction d) prediction
26. a) objectives b) performance c) production d) operations
27. a) aren't b) isn't c) is d) are
Text 5.
Formation of Soil
The term weathering refers to all the ways in which rock can be broken down. It 28_____ because minerals formed in a particular way (at high temperatures, in the case of igneous rocks) are often unstable when exposed to various conditions. Weathering 29_____ the interaction of the litosphere with the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. It occurs at different rates and in different ways, depending on the climatic and environmental 30_____. However, all kinds of weathering ultimately 31_____ broken minerals and rock fragments as well as other products of the decomposition of stone.
Soil is the most obvious and the most important result of the weathering 32_____ . Soil is the weathered part of the earth's crust that is 33_____ of sustaining plant life. The character of soil depends on the nature of rock from 34_____. It also depends on the climate and on the relative 'age' of the soil. Immature soils are little more than broken rock fragments. Over time, immature soil develops into mature soil, resulting from decayed plant matter. Mature soil is darker, richer in microscopic life, and more supportive of plant growth 35_____ immature soil.
28. a) comes across b) takes after c) comes up d) takes place
29. a) comprises b) involves c) interferes d) contains
30. a) conditions b) coincidences c) situations d) opportunities
31. a) manufacture b) produce c) maintain d) persist
32. a) principals b) process c) procedure d) criteria
33. a) responsible b) composed c) capable d) accused
34. a) that it forms c) which it is formed
b) it forms d) that it is formed
35 a) such as b) like c) than d) of
SECTION II. READING COMPREHENSION / Questions 36-65 (30 x 1.5 = 45 points)
Text 1. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Books as Therapeutic Tools
Studies on the psychological state of children whose parents are divorced have shown that books can serve as therapeutic tools - or at least as effective additions to professional therapy - helping children cope with their parents' divorce. According to educator-counsellor Joanne Bernstein, stories that confront problems with sincerity, honesty and credibility may provide insights, prompt self-examination, and lead to positive changes in attitude and behaviour. One way stories establish this is through identification. Reading about the grief and anxiety of others, she explains, can arouse sudden awareness as "problems that had not been consciously or completely recognized are allowed to surface. Introduced to characters who share their difficulties, children may no longer feel alienated and thus develop a sense of belonging. They feel freer to discuss and resolve their own problems."
Stories and books lacking credibility, which do not sound real due to their supernatural characters and fantasy worlds, do not produce such therapeutic results, however. They may, on the contrary, lead these children to live in an imaginary world where they will try to seek shelter and security, hiding away from their problems. On reading these stories and books, children will have even more problems confronting the 'real' world and be not just disillusioned but also more distressed.
36. The word 'prompt' in line 5 is closest in meaning to _______.
a) stop b) cancel c) encourage d) discourage
37. The word 'alienated' in line 9 is closest in meaning to ______.
a) protected c) accepted
b) excluded d) connected
38. 'They' in line 12 refers to _____.
a) Stories lacking credibility c) Supernatural characters
b) Therapeutic results d) Fantasy worlds
39. Which of the following is not discussed in the article?
a) Children who read books and stories may examine and judge their own behaviour.
b) Books can help children solve their problems by causing them to examine themselves.
c) It is difficult for children to improve their relationships with their divorced parents.
d) Children may be influenced by books or stories which have fantasy characters.
40. J. Bernstein believes that stories can help children find themselves if they _____.
a) are written by psychologists or therapists
b) allow the characters to have shelter and freedom
c) deal with life's problems frankly and honestly
d) arouse sudden problems in the lives of children
41. From the text, we can understand that children of divorced parents need to ______.
a) leave home and live independently
b) recognize their problems
c) stop discussing their problems
d) stop seeing their parents
42. Which of the following is not a reason why books and stories can act as effective
therapeutic means?
a) They lead children to complete freedom and independence.
b) They can help bring children's problems to the surface.
c) They lead the way to the resolution of problems.
d) They help children cope with their grief and problems.
43. When children read about the problems and sadness of others in books, they start to
_____.
a) discuss their problems with them
b) withdraw themselves from real life
c) start reading fantasy books
d) identify themselves with these characters
44. Which of the following does the article mainly discuss?
a) Books can teach therapists how to better cope with children.
b) Divorced parents should buy more books for their children.
c) Children can learn to accept the realities of life through reading.
d) Children should learn to create their own fantasies.
Text 2. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Driven to Distraction
The E.U.'s tough new rules on recycling could mean a rocky road ahead for Europe's carmakers.
If it hadn't been for Henry Ford's drive to create a mass market for cars, America wouldn't have a middle class today. Undoubtedly, the car was the most important engine of economic growth in the 20th century. However, Ford's American Dream is fast becoming Europe's environmental nightmare because cars that are cast aside as useless cannot be disposed of entirely and thus contaminate the environment. Unfortunately, redundant cars do not simply vanish.
While a car's metal components, which account for about 75% of its weight, can be reused, the remainder - a mix of plastic, rubber, fluids and paint that often contains toxic substances like mercury, cadmium and lead - is shredded into "fluff" and buried under garbage dumps. The environmental group Friends of the Earth says that this "fluff" accounts for around a tenth of the hazardous waste in Europe. And with 9 million cars discarded every year, the amount of uncontaminated land left is decreasing fast. According to environmentalists, although carmakers now have a variety of new, more easily recyclable materials to choose from, the pressures to work quickly and keep costs low often exceed their ecological concerns. What is needed is some incentive to motivate car designers to think about the environmental aspect of their work.
Recently, the European Parliament provided just such an incentive when it approved a directive that transfers responsibility for the environmental effect of a vehicle over its entire life cycle - from design to disposal - directly onto the manufacturers' shoulders. Some requirements, such as a ban on the use of toxic heavy metals, and officially required recycling rates of 80% and 85% for cars that will go on the market after 2006 and 2015, are far reaching but feasible because with some effort, new cars can be adapted to the new regulations. But the new law will also apply retroactively and force carmakers to pay the full price for the disposal of every auto they ever produced. "The prospect of recycling cars that weren't built to be recycled is unbearable from a financial point of view," says Camille Blum, secretary-general of the Association of European Car Manufacturers (ACEA). ACEA believes that the new measures announced by the European parliament will cost around $23 billion, based on a recycling cost of around $155 a car and an estimated 150 million cars on the EU's roads.
45. The word 'discarded' in line 13 is closest in meaning to _____.
a) thrown away c) got through
b) used up d) got away with
46. The word 'their' in line 16 refers to _____.
a) recyclable materials c) pressures
b) environmentalists d) carmakers
47. The word 'incentive' in line 17 is closest in meaning to _____.
a) response c) encouragement
b) conflict d) exposure
48. The word 'feasible' in line 24 is closest in meaning to _____.
a) unbelievable c) available
b) improbable d) possible
49. The word 'retroactively' in line 25 is closest in meaning to _____.
a) currently b) presently c) previously d) recently
50. The word 'measures' in line 29 is closest in meaning to _____.
a) dimensions b) degrees c) concerns d) regulations
51. The article points out that ______.
a) carmakers in Europe have always taken care to use only recyclable materials
b) 75 % of a car's weight turns into "fluff" when it is disposed of
c) 25 % of a car's weight consists of materials that cannot be recycled
d) most European carmakers already have the incentive to consider ecology
52. Which of the following statements is not correct according to the article?
a) Toxic waste from disposed cars is a cause of land pollution in Europe.
b) The car industry helped in the development of the middle class in America.
c) Ecological concerns will increase car manufacturing costs.
d) European carmakers have been held responsible for the disposal of cars.
53. Which is correct according to the text?
a) Carmakers will only be partly responsible for the recycling and disposal of cars.
b) The recycling of new cars will present more difficulties for car makers in the future.
c) ACEA says that recycling about 150 million European cars will cost over $20 billion.
d) Car manufacturers were always obliged to use non-toxic materials for car parts.
54. The purpose of the article is to discuss _____.
a) why car manufacturers insist on using toxic materials for making cars
b) the different materials used in the production of car components
c) the new regulations brought to car manufacturing for the sake of ecology
d) how the car industry helped economic growth in America and Europe
Text 3. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Catching Colds
One of the critical factors that play a part in susceptibility to colds is age according to a study done by the University of Michigan School of Public Health. The particulars revealed by the study seem to hold true for the general population. Infants are the most cold-ridden group, averaging more than six colds in their first year. Boys have more colds than girls up to age three. After the age of three, girls are more susceptible than boys, and teenage girls average three colds a year as opposed to boys' two.
The general incidence of colds continues to decline into maturity. Elderly people who are in good health have as few as one or two colds annually. One exception is found among people in their twenties, especially women, who show a rise in cold infections due to the fact that people in this age group are most likely to have young children. Adults who delay having children until their thirties and forties experience the same sudden increase in cold infections.
The study also found that economics plays an important role. As income increases, the frequency at which colds are reported in a family decreases. Families with the lowest incomes suffer about a third more colds than families with the highest incomes. Lower income generally forces people to live in more crowded residences than those typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowding increases the opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person to person. Low income may also adversely influence diet. The degree to which poor nutrition affects susceptibility to colds is not yet clearly established, but an inadequate diet accounts for lowering resistance in general.
55. The word 'particulars' in line 2 is closest in meaning to ________.
a) variables c) contradictions
b) specific details d) conflicts
56. The word 'susceptible' in line 5 is closest in meaning to ________.
a) resistant to c) likely to recover from
b) likely to be affected by d) well protected against
57. The word 'those' in line 15 refers to ________.
a) forces b) incomes c) people d) houses
58. The word 'adversely' in line 17 is has a similar meaning to ________.
a) admirably c) unexpectedly
b) adequately d) unfavourably
59. Which of the following groups of people is most likely to catch colds according to the text?
a) teenage boys c) elderly women
b) one year old boys d) 2 year old girls
60. It is inferred in the text that _________.
a) children can infect their parents with colds
b) men catch colds more frequently than women
c) people in cold climates have a high number of colds annually
d) 30-40 year old adults show a high frequency of colds
61. Which of the following is true according to the article?
a) According to the study, generally, the older the people are, the fewer colds they have.
b) The study has determined the role of nutrition in resistance to colds.
c) The study did not involve people of higher incomes who were well off.
d) No connection has yet been found between housing conditions and colds.
62. The main purpose of the article is to ________.
a) discuss the frequency rate of colds in different age groups
b) discuss the different factors affecting cold frequency
c) show the relationship between resistance to colds and people's income
d) show that the incidence of colds decreases with age
Text 4.
Gapped Text (Questions 63- 65)
Three sentences have been deleted from the text below. Choose the alternative (A -D)
that would best fit in each box (63 -65) and mark the answer on the answer sheet. There is one extra sentence which you do not need.
Story Telling
"Once upon a time, in a certain land, in a certain village, not near, not far, ... there lived a peasant." This is the way storytellers began many of their tales. Long before stories were written down, they were passed on through the generations by storytellers, people who used the gift of words to transport an audience out of this world and into another inhabited by kings and princesses, heroes and monsters, witches and wizards.
Today, both the tales and the skills of the old storytellers are being revived by a new generation of performers in many parts of the world. 63__________ Beginning in clubs and bars and village halls, these tellers of tales have planted the seeds of interest which have grown into at least 70 storytelling festivals that are staged annually in dozens of languages.
During last month's literature festival at Hay-on-Wye in Wales, for example, several British storytellers used their talents to amuse and entertain. 64__________ Such tales may seem anachronistic in this visual age ruled by the cinema, television and computers. But Daniel Morden, a young Welsh storyteller, thinks the enjoyment of listening to stories is the chance to make up our own images. "Every member of an audience makes subtly different pictures in their head, based on their own experience, fears, preoccupations and obsessions," he says. "So everyone hears a subtly different story."
Traditions of storytelling are still strong in many parts of the world today. 65_________ Ben Haggarty, one of Britain's leading storytellers, believes that Europe lost many of its stories after World War I, for instance, since people didn't feel like telling stories afterward. And once the stories disappear, they're gone.
As a contribution to the revival of stories, in many countries formal courses are offered to teach would-be storytellers how to peel back the layers and get to the heart of a story. In Germany, for example, the European Fairy Tale Society runs training courses for students to learn how language works, how to present a story, and how to use gestures and adjust the voice.
A. Enthusiasts from the U.S. and Canada to Australia and New Zealand are now demonstrating that the stories that we all carry in our heads as part of our common heritage are ready to be retold.
B. The difficulty for storytellers today is that in the telling and retelling, the origins of the stories have become obscured by changes made over the years.
C. However, political conflicts, industrialization and urbanization are the biggest enemies of oral narrative.
D. The range of stories told on one day - from a Romanian folk tale about a prince fleeing death to a late night collection of adult tales about water nymphs and a prince searching for a wife - showed how varied the content can be.
SECTION III. WRITING ( 20 points)
Write an essay of 250 - 300 words on ONE of the topics given below. Your essay must have an introduction / a clear thesis statement (with controlling idea/s), at least 2 body paragraphs with relevant supporting ideas and a conclusion. Your ideas should be organized properly.
1. Why do most young people in Turkey live with their parents until they get married? Discuss.
2. At present, the number of women in business life is much higher than 15-20 years ago. Discuss the factors that have led to the increasing number of women in business life.
3. Discuss the effects of low income on a person's life.
4. How does losing one's job affect his/her life and his/her family? Discuss.
WRITE YOUR ESSAY ON THE SHEET PROVIDED.
DO NOT WRITE HERE
Essays written on the pages of this booklet will NOT be graded.
-
VOCAB LIST SERIES (1)
'FIRST CERTIFICATE MASTERCLASS'
UNIT 1
Accomplish (v.): achieve, başarmak, bir görevi yerine getirmek
Adjust (v.): adapt to, ayarlamak, adapte olmak
Adventurous (adj.): maceraperest, macerasever, maceracı, maceraperver
Aspect (n.): side, hayatın falan yanları darken ki yan, various aspects of life
Back down: support, desteklemek
Be accustomed to ..sth/Ving: bi şeye/şeyi yapmaya alışık olmak
Bring about: cause, lead to, result in, neden olmak
Bring back: hatırlatmak, aklına getirmek
Bring down: iktidardan düşürmek, ama bu ünitede fiyatları düşürmek olarak geçiyor
Bring in: introduce, bi kanun, kural, düzenleme falan yürürlüğe sokmak
Bring round: ayılanı bayılanı kendine getirmek
Bring up: bi konuyu toplantı falan gibi bir yerde gündeme getirmek
Bring up: raise, çoluk çocuk yetiştirmek
Bump into: run into, meet somebody by chance, rastlaşmak
Call off: cancel, iptal etmek
Competitive (adj.): rekabetçi
Confident (adj.): kendine güvenen
Constraint (n.): restraint, pressure, kısıtlama, engel
Deal with: handle = tackle with = cope with (v.): bi problemi ele almak, başa çıkmak, ilgilenmek
Discomfort (n.): rahatsızlık
Distract (v.): dikkatini dağıtmak
Emotional(adj.): duygusal
Enormous (adj.): huge, tremendous, koccccaman
Generous (adj.) : unselfish, open-handed, cömert
Influence (v.) (n.): etkilemek, etki
Influential (adj.): etkileyici
Initial (adj.): first, primary, başlangıçtaki
Likely (adj.): probable, olası
Morals (n.) : ethics, ahlak kuralları
Opportunity (n.) = occasion, chance, şans, fırsat
Pick at: nibble, atıştırmak, yiyeceğin bi parçasını yemek
Pick on: criticize or behave unkindly, kıllık yapmak, canını sıkmak
Pick out: spot, birini zor bir anda seçebilmek, mesela kalabalıkta
Pick up: 1. hastalık kapmak 2. birini bi yerden almak 3. bakarak öğrenmek 4. yerden bir şey toplamak
Possessive(adj.): sahiplenici
Predict (v.): forecast, foretell, tahmin etmek, öngörmek
Privilege (n.): ayrıcalık
Properly (adv.): uygun şekilde, adam gibi
Put sbd. down: disappoint, hayal kırıklığına uğratmak
Put up with: stand, bear, tolerate, katlanmak
Remote (adj.): far, uzak
Reproduce (v.): üremek
Sensible(adj.): reasonable, logical, rational, wise, thoughtful, mantıklı
Sensitive(adj.): touchy, irritable, duygulu, hassas, kırılgan
Sincere(adj.): içten, kalpten, içi dışı bir, samimi, yamuk yapmayan
Split up: separate, ayrılmak, eşlerin ayrılması gibi
Spouse (n.): eş, karı koca falan
Survive (v.): hayatta kalmak
Sustain (v.): keep, maintain, hold on to, elde tutmak, devamını sağlamak
Tension (n.): gerginlik
Turn out to be: sonunda bilmemne halini almak.
Vital (adj.): important, crucial, hayati öneme sahip
Work out: calculate, hesaplamak OR solve a problem, bi sorunu çözmek
UNIT 2, COMPLUSION
Abuse (v.): use for a bad purpose, kötüye kullanmak (be abused: acımasız davranışa maruz kalmak, she has ben abused by her father since she came here.)
Abusive (adj.): vahşice acımasızca davranan
Assert (v.): emphasize, insist upon, fikrini, isteklerini falan diretmek
Assertive (adj.): dayatıcı
Be associated with sth. (adj.): birşeyle ilişkili olmak
Be fed up with sth. (adj.): .den bıkmak usanmak
Be subjected to: 'e tabi olmak
Be suspended from: askıya alınmak, bi aktiviteden çıkartılmak
Bossy (adj.): etrafına dediğini yaptırtmaya çalışan
Cowardly (adj.): not brave, not courageous, korkak
Cut down : reduce, azaltmak
Deny (v.): inkar etmek, She still denies stealing the money!
Determination (n.): kararlılık
Determine (v.): ascertain, deyect, verify, belirlemek, tespit etmek
Determined (adj.): kararlı
Determining (adj.): belirleyici factor, etken, vb.
Discover (v.): realize, notice, find out, farkına varmak
Doubt (n.) (v.): şüphe, şüphelenmek
Enable sbd. To do sth. (v.) birinin bir şey yapmasını sağlamak
Exaggerate (v.): abartmak
Exhaust (v.): çok yormak, tüketmek (miktar için de kullanılabilir)
Exhausted (adj.): bitkin
Exhausting (adj.): yorucu
Exhaustion (n.): yorgunluk, tükenmişlik
Exhaustive (adj.): comprehensive, thorough, kapsayıcı, geniş çapta çalışma, vb
Extremely (adv.): aşırı derecede
Extroverted (adj.): dışa dönük, fırlama işte!
Gang up (v.): gruplaşmak
Gesticulate at sbd. (v.): gesture, birini işaretedip ona bakmak, mimiklerinle eleştirmek gibi
Get by: survive on sth, belli bir miktarla geçinebilmek
Give away: istemediğin eşyaları dağıtmak
Give back: geri vermek
Give in: deliver, teslim etmek
Give out: bilgiyi yaymak
Give up on: başarılı olmayacağına inandığın bir şeyden vazgeçmek
Give up: stop, vazgeçmek, bi alışkanlığı bırakmak, pes etmek
Hostile (adj.): unfriendly, adverse, antagonistic, düşmanca
Hostility (n.): düşmanlık
Impolite (adj.): kaba
Introverted (adj.): içine kapanık, utangaç
Light up: shine, parlamak
Light up: smoke, sigara yakmak
Put on: gain, bu ünitedeki anlamıyla kilo almak
Quit (v.): stop, give up, bırakmak, bazen de istifa etmek olabilir
Realize (v.): notice, farkına varmak
Refuse (v.): to say 'no', reject, turn down, reddetmek
Resist (v.): direnmek
Resistance (n.): direnç
Irresistible (adj.): dayanılmaz
Retain (v.): hold, keep, preserve, maintain, muhafaza etmek, saklamak
Short of sth. (adj.): if you are short of sth., you don't have enough of it
Stubborn (adj.): inatçı
Suffer from (v.): mağdur olmak, acı çekmek
Superstition (n.): batıl inanç
Suspect (v.): şüphelenmek
Suspicion (n.): şüphe
Suspicious (adj.): şüpheci
Turn sbd. off: disgust, iğrendirmek
Utterly (adv.): thoroughly, totally, absolutely, tamamen
There's no point doing sth. : Bi şeyi yapmanın anlamı yok 'no point coming here!'
UNIT 3, TALENTS
Accomplish (v.): achieve, bir görevi, amacı ya da hedefi yerine getirmek
Achieve (v.): başarmak, bi görevi tamamlamak
Advance (n.): development, ilerleme
Apparently (adv.): seemingly, görünürde
Approach (n.): yaklaşım, yaklaşma
Arrogant (adj.): kibirli
Boundary (n.): border, frontier, sınır
Break down: When a machine/vehicle breaks down, it stops functioning, bozulmak
Break down: göz yaşlarına boğulmak
Break in(to): enter by force, zorla içeriye girmek
Break out of: hapisten falan kaçmak
Break out: begin suddenly, aniden ortaya çıkmak, patlak vermek
Break up: ayrılmak, split up
Break up: okulun tatile girmesi
Commit oneself to sth./doing sth. : kişinin kendini bir şeye adaması
Commitment (n.): kendini bi şeye adama
Crucial (adj.): vital, very important, çok önemli
Elusive (adj.): difficult to find, bulması, elde etmesi güç
Excel at sth. (v.): bi şeyde, bi yerde başarılı olmak
Exceptional (adj.): extraordinary, istisnai derecede, sıra dışı
Injury-free training: sakatlık çıkmayan antrenman
Instant (adj.): o anda meydana gelen
Manage to do (v.): bi işi yapmayı başarmak
Neglect (v.): ignore, göz ardı etmek
Outbreak (n.): patlak verme, ortaya çıkış (outbreak of a dangerous epidemic)
Predict (v.): forecast, foretell, tahmin etmek
Prodigy (n.): a person with great natural talent, doğuştan yetenekli
Recover (v.): iyileşmek
Recovery (n.): iyileşme
Remain (v.): kalmak, durumu muhafaza etmek (She remained silent.)
Remarkable (adj.): noticeable, considerable, obvious, gözle görülür, kayda değer
Reveal (v.): disclose, show, göstermek, açığa çıkarmak
Succeed in (v.): başarmak. We finally succeeded in reaching an agreement.
Take after: resemble, fiziksel olarak birine çekmek
Take back: bi şeyi geri götürmek /// lafını geri almak
Take down: not almak
Take off: elbise çıkarmak //// uçağın havalanması
Take over: bi şeyin kontrolünü ele geçirmek
Take to: sevmeye başlamak
Take up: bi hobiye başlamak
UNIT 4, APPEARANCES
Adapt (v.): adapte olmak
Adopt (v.): evlat edinmek /// bi kanun falan uyarlamak
Be obliged to do sth. : mecbur olmak
Compulsory (adj.): obligatory, mandatory, mecburi, SS faktörüyle
Conflict (n.): anlaşmazlık, fikirsel çatışma
Consent (n.): permission, approval, agreement, onay, izin
Consume (v.): tüketmek
Consumer (n.): tüketici
Consumption (n.): tüketim
Distinguished (adj.): a distinguished person is very successful in his career.
Enthusiast (n.): hayran, bi konunun hayranı gibi
Hardly (adv.): barely, neredeyse hiç (I can hardly understand the Japanese teacher)
Imitate (v.): copy, resemble, taklit etmek
Judge (v.): yargılamak
Keen on sth./doing sth. (adj.): eager, enthusiastic, bir şey için can atan, hevesli
Mandatory (adj.): yukarıda dediğimin aynısı
Object to (v.): karşı çıkmak
Objection (n.): itiraz
Objective (adj.): aim, goal, hedef, amaç
Obligation (n.): mecburiyet
Obligatory (adj.): yukarıııııı
Prejudgment (n.): önyargı
Put across: fikrini açıklamak
Put forward: submit, bi teklif öne sürmek
Put on: elbise giymek // kilo almak
Put sbd. off: postpone, geciktirmek
Put sbd. out: bi haberi yaymak // ateş söndürmek //
Put up with: stand, katlanmak
Put up: accommodate, kalacak yer vermek birine
Put up: build, inşa etmek
Put up: increase, arttırmak
Relief (n.): rahatlama
Take legal action: yasal önlem almak, harekete geçmek
Take measures / precautions / steps: önlem almak
Time-consuming (adj.): zaman alıcı (aktivite falan)
Well-renowned (adj.): popular, popüler
UNIT 5, FOREIGN PARTS
Accidental (adj.): unintentional, kazara, istemeden
Check in: otele giriş yapmak /// yolculuk öncesinde işlemlerini yaptırmak
Confess (v.): itiraf etmek
Considerate (adj.): anlayışlı
Decent (adj.): proper, adam gibi 'a decent meal in stead of junk food'
Decline (v.): reject, turn down, reddetmek, geri çevirmek
Drop sbd. off: birini bir yere bırakmak
Expect (v.): hope, anticipate, ummak, beklemek
Expectation (n.): beklenti 'Great Expectations by Charles DICKENS'
Expected (adj.): beklenen
Filthy (adj.): dirty, kirli, pasaklı
Furious (adj.): veeeeeeeeerrry angry, öfkeli
Hilarious (adj.): extremely funny, çok taş!
Immature (adj.): olgun olmayan
Incident (n.): something that happens, often unpleasant, genelde istenmeyen olay, durum
Inevitable (adj.): kaçınılmaz
Irrational (adj.): mantıksız, irrasyonel
Look after: take care of sth/sbd, göz kulak olmak
Look back on: eskiyi hatırlamak
Look forward to sth.: dört gözle beklemek
Look onto: manzara olarak bi yere bakmak
Look over: examine sth. quickly, bi göz atmak
Look round: etrafına bakınmak
Look sth. up: sözlükte falan bi kelime aramak
Look up to sbd.: admire, birine hayranlık beslemek
Monitor (v.): observe, gözlemlemek
Moral (adj.): ahlaklı
Neglect (v.): fail to pay attention, overlook, ihmal etmek, göz ardı etmek
Obedient (adj.): itaatkar
Onlookers (n.): bir olayı seyreden kişiler
Pick up: birinibi yerden almak
Pick up: gözlemleyerek öğrenmek, bi şeyler kapmak
Pick up: hastalık kapmak
Pick up: yerden bi şey almak, toplamak
Remind sbd. of sth. (v.): birine bir şeyi hatırlatmak
See sbd. off: birini yolcu etmek
Set off : yola çıkmak
Snooze (v.): uyuklamak
Spare (adj.): yedek
Stop over: uğramak
Take off: üstünü çıkarmak //// uçağın havalanması
Unexpected (adj.): beklenmeyen
Wise (adj.): akıllı, bilge, akıllıca
UNIT 6, The MIND
Accompany (v.): eşlik etmek
Achieve (v.): accomplish, bi işi yerine getirmek, tamamlamak, hedefe ulaşmak
Afford to do (v.): mali gücünün yetmesi
Annoy (v.): kızdırmak
Apologize for (v.): özür dilemek
Articulate (adj.): fikirlerini net biçimde aktaran
Assume (v.): var saymak
Assumption (n.): varsayım
Boldly (adv.): bravely, cesurca
Capable of doing sth (adj.):.i yapabilme kabiliyetinin olması
Clumsily (adv.): awkwardly, sakarca
Confident (adj.): kendine güvenen
Conflict (n.): disagreement, çatışma, ayrılık, anlaşmazlık
Consume (v.): tüketmek
Consumer (n.): tüketici
Consumption (n.): tüketim
Cope with (v.): deal with, tackle with, handle, bi problemle mücadele etmek
Dash (v.): aceleylen (!) bi yere gitmek
Deceive (.): aldatmak, kandırmak
Deception (n.): hile
Deliberate (adj.): intentional, kasıtlı
Dependable (adj.): reliable, güvenilir
Disorder (n.): düzensizlik
Embarrassing (adj.): utanç verici
Excessive (adj.): aşırı (miktar falan)
Goal (n.): aim, objective, amaç, hedef
Imitate (v.): taklit etmek
Indecisive (adj.): kararsız
Insist on (v.): ısrar etmek
Instinctive (adj.): iç güdüsel
Intelligence (n.): zeka, istihbarat
Intend (v.): niyet etmek
Lengthy (adj.): uzun
Lose one's temper: kendini kaybetmek, sonunda kafa da atılabilir
Nocturnal (adj.): geceye ait
Pessimistic (adj.): kötümser
Predict (v.): tahmin etmek
Prediction (n.): tahmin
Pretend (v.): mış gibi yapmak 'She pretends to pay attention, but in fact she doesn't'
Reluctantly (adv.): unwillingly, gönülsüzce
Remain (v.): kalmak, durumunu muhafaza etmek, yukarıda örnek vardı!
Self-reliant (adj.): kendine güvenen
Severe (adj.): harsh, şiddetli
Soundly (adv.): completely, tamamen // soundly based on sth. = reasonably based on
Straightforward (adj.): dobra
Succeed in (v.): bi şeyde başarılı olmak
Take sth into account: bir şeyi hesaba katmak
Tend to do sth. (v.): bir şeyi yapma eğiliminde olmak
There is no one in sight: Görünürde kimse yok.
Unpredictable (adj.): beklenmedik
Upbringing (n.): the way you are brought up, yetiştiriliş tarzı
Upsetting (adj.): sinirlendirici
Wealth (n.): refah
UNIT 7, FREE TIME
Be worth Doing sth. : bi şey yapmaya değer
Come across: encounter, şansa karşılaşmak
Come along: çağırmak
Come apart: ayrılmak
Come forward: fikrini beyan etmek
Come round: evin euğramak
Come up against: tatsız bir durumla karşı karşıya kalmak
Come up with: bir fikirle ortaya çıkmak
Come up: gündeme gelmek
Common sense: sağ duyu
Consequence (n.): result, outcome, sonuç
Conserve (v.): preserve, protect, korumak
Convert sth into sth: bi şeyi bi şeye çevirmek 'convert dollars into YTL'
Cut down (v.): decrease, reduce, bi şeyin miktarını azaltmak
Dedicate sth. to sth (v.): kendini bi şeye adamak
Delightful (adj.): zevkli
Devote .sth to sth (v.): kendini bir şeye adamak, vermek
Enchanting (adj.): büyüleyici
Equip (v.): donatmak, 'equip the planes with small base-stations to allow in-flight calling'
Extend (v.): uzamak, uzatmak
Extension (n.): uzatma, uzatım
Extensive (adj.): geniş çapta
Extent (n.): belli bir nokta 'I agree with you to an extent'
Handle (v.): bi konuyu or problemi ele almak
Hesitate (v.): tereddüt etmek
Nationally recognized: milletçe tanınan, ulusça kabul edilmiş
Outcome= consequence= result (n.): sonuç yani!
Preserve (v.): üsteki gibi işte!
Punctual (adj.): dakik
Put sbd. up (phrasal): birine kalacak yer vermek
Rear (v.): bring up, yetiştirmek
Remark (v.) (n.): laf söylemek, laf
Reside (v.): live, ikamet etmek
Residence (n.): ikamet edilen yer, eviniz yani
Resident (n.): sakin, bi yerde oturan yaşayan kişi
Residential (adj.): ikamete müsait 'residential area'
Run out (v.) tükenmek
Run out of (v.): exhaust, use up, tüketmek
Spacious (adj.): geniş
Surplus (n.): aşırı miktar, yeterin üzerinde olan
Tranquility (n.): sakinlik, dinginlik
UNIT 8 MEDIA
Afford (v.): mali gücünün yetmesi
Assault (n.): attack, saldırı
Assert (v.): diretmek
Assertive (adj.): diretici
Battle of will: irade savaşı, çekişmesi
Benefit (v.) (n.): çıkar fayda, yararlanmak
Break-in (n.): zorla içeri girme
Crime rate: suç oranı
Convert sth. (in)to sth: bir şeyi bir şeye çevirmek, dönüştürmek
Dominate (v.): have control over sth./sbd., baskın olmak
Dramatically (adv.): considerably, remarkably, noticeably, gözle görülür biçimde
Go after: peşinden gitmek
Go along with: accept an dobey a rule, itaat etmek
Go by: pass, 'time goes by'
Go on: continue, devam etmek yazmama gerek yok!
Go through: bi süreçten geçmek, tecrübe geçirmek
Go up: increase, artmak, yükselmek
Have access to sth: bir şeye erişebilmek
Homicide (n.): cinayet
Innocent (adj.): masum
Irritate (v.): rahatsız etmek
Irritated (adj.): rahatsız olmuş
Irritating (adj.): rahatsız edici
Manipulate (v.): control altında tutmak
Manipulative (adj.): control edilıbıl
Non-verbal communication : sözsüz iletişim
Provide (v.): tedarik etmek
Publicity (n.): tanınma, kamuoyu ilgisi
Regard .sth/sbd. as sth/sbd.: birini bir şey olarak görmek, ele almak
Subtle (adj.): not easily noticed, kolayca görülmeyen
Tussle (n.): çekişme
UNIT 9 AROUND US
to an extent: belli bir noktaya kadar
Account (n.): bi konu hakkındaki özet bilgi
Adequately (adv.): sufficiently, yeteri kadar
Advance (n.): development, gelişim
Approximately (adv.): nearly, yaklaşık olarak
Arise from (v.) stem from, result from, bir şeyden kaynaklanmak
Behavior patterns: davranış şekilleri
Beneath (prep.): under, altında
Consistent (adj.): istikrarlı
Contribute to (v.): katkıda bulunmak
Conventional (adj.) klasik
Deforestation (n.): ormanların yok olması
Detect (v.): pinpoint, tespit etmek
Disastrous (adj.): catastrophic, felaket gibi
Distinct (adj.): farklı, göze çarpan
Emerge (v.): appear, ortaya çıkmak
emission (n.): emisyon, yayım
Emit (v.): gaz vs. yaymak
Eruption (n.): volkanik patlama
Evacuate (v.): felaket anında bir yerdeki insanları tahliye etmek
Evaluate (v.) assess, değerlendirmek
Exceed (v.): aşmak, miktar, hız, vb.
Fluctuate (v.): değişiklik göstermek, dalagalanmak (piyasalar falan)
Hazard (n.): danger, tehlike 'hazard zone: tehlike bölgesi'
Inexplicable (adj.): açıklanamaz
Inhabitant (n.): bir yerde outran kişi, oranın sakini, Nizam amca falan işte!
Intense (adj.): yoğun
Lead to (v.): üsttekinin aynısı
Misfortune (n.): talihsizlik
Monitor (v.): observe, gözlemlemek
Neighboring (adj.): yanında bulunan
Occur (v.): take place, happen, meydana gelmek
Perceive (v.): algılamak
Permanently (adv.): daimi olarak
Persuade (v.): convince, ikna etmek
Phenomenon (n.): fenomen, açıklanması güç olay
Propose (v.): teklif etmek
Reliable means of forecasting earthquakes: güvenilir deprem tahmin etme metotları
Reluctant (adj.): isteksiz
Remain (v.): durumu muhafaza etmek
Result from (v.) stem from, arise from, kaynaklanmak
Result in (v.): cause, lead to, bring about, neden olmak, yol açmak
Ruin (v.): yıkmak, harabe haline getirmek
Severe (adj.): harsh, şiddetli
Stem from (v.) dedik ya bi şeyden kaynaklanmak diye!
Stillness (n.): durgunluk
Succession of droughts: ard arda gelen kıtlık anları
Summit (n.): peak, zirve
Willing (adj.): eager, istekli
Witness to sth. (v.): bi şeye şahit olmak
Sayfa 119'daki kısa okuma parçası çok önemli!
UNIT 10, INNOVATION
Absorbing (adj.): dikkati hapseden, çok etkileyici
Afford to do (v.): mali gücünün yetmesi 'I cannot afford to buy a laptop these days'
As to (prep.): about, hakkında 'reports as to the effects of the epidemic'
Astounding (adj.): amazing, astonishing, hayret verici
Beneficial (adj.): yararlı
Carry away: lose control, kendini kaybetmek
Carry back: alıp maziye götürmek
Carry on: keep doing sth. , devam etmek
Carry out: conduct, implement, bir plan, program, araştırma falan yürütmek
Carry through: zorluklara rağmen bir şeyi yapmak, tamamlamak
Collide (v.): çarpışmak
Collision (n.): çarpışma
Commercially (adv.): ticari olarak
Consume (v.): tüketmek
Consumption (n.): tüketim
Congregate (v.): toplanmak
Cruelty (n.): zulüm
Dramatic (adj.): remarkable, noticeable, substantial, kaydadeğer, gözle görülür
Drastic (adj.): radical, kararlı, radikal, etkili 'drastic measures'
Drawback (n.): disadvantage, dezavantaj
Eventually (adv.): finally, nihayetinde
Humble (adj.): ordinary, sıradan
Impact (n.): effect, etki 'deep impact'
Incidentally (adv.): by the way, bu arada
Inevitable (adj.): kaçınılmaz
Influence (v.): etkilemek
Influential (adj.): etkileyici, nüfuz sahibi, nüfus diil!
Instant (adj.): immediate, instantenous, anlık, o anda meydana gelen
Landmine (n.): kara mayını
Overlook (v.): bi evin or ofisin manzara görmesi 'an office overlooking Taxim Square'
Overlook = ignore (v.) göz ardı etmek
Rate (v.): derecelendirmek
Recreation (n.): dinlenme
Remove (v.): bir şeyi bi şeyin içinden çıkarmak, bu ünitede 'ortadan kaldırmak'anlamında
Survey (n.): araştırma, anket
Unfairly (adv.): adaletsizce
Wipe out (v.): eradicate, destroy, yok etmek, kökünü kazımak
UNIT 11, COMMUNICATION
Account for (v.): bir durumu açıklamak, workbook, page 66
A wide range of expressions: çeşitli ifadeler
Artificially (adv.): yapay olarak
Conceive (v.): hayal etmek, inanmak 'cannot conceive of that amount of money!'
Contempt (adj.): saygısızlık 'have no contempt for such politicans'
Convince (v.): persuade, ikna etmek
Derive from (v.): dan türetmek
Disclose (v.): açığa çıkarmak
Display (v.): göstermek
Distinguish sth/sbd. from sth/sbd (v.)
Efficient (adj.): verimli
Establish (v.): kurmak (şirket, dernek falan)
Facial muscles: yüz kasları
Indicate (v.): göstermek
Interpret (v.): yorumlamak
National publicity (n.): ulusal kamuoyu
Perceive (v.): algılamak
Point out (v.): işaret etmek
Provide (v.): tedarik etmek
Recognize (v.): tanımak
Reserved (adj.): shy, coy, modest, utangaç
Reveal (v.): açığa çıkarmak
Ruthless (adj.): cruel, pitiless, merciless, relentless, acımasız, katı, sert, kalpsiz
Simultaneous (adj.): aynı anda
Stick at: bi işe göreve devam etmek
Stick by: birine destek vermeye devam etmek
Stick out: göze çarpmak /// çıkıntı yapmak
Stick to: dediğine sadık kalmak, birinin yanında olmak
Stick together: birlikte olmak, yanında durmak, destek vermek
Stick up for: defend, stand up for sbd., birine destek vermek
Survey (n.): araştırma
Track (v.): iz
Unconscious (adj.): bilinci yerinde olmayan, bir şeyin farkında olmayan
Unique (adj.): tek, eşsiz
Vanish (v.) = disappear (v.): ortadan kaybolmak
UNIT 12, SOCIETY
Attempt to do (v.): bi şey yapmaya teşebbüs etmek
Constantly (adv.): sürekli şekilde, sabit bir şekilde
Get away with: yaptığın kötü bir şey yanına kalıp senin de ortadan kaybolman
Get away: escape, kaçmak
Get by: survive, elinde olanla geçinmek
Get down: make sbd. unhappy, moralini bozmak
Get on/along with sbd.: biriyle geçinmek
Get on: başarılı olmak, işinde planına programına düzenli devam edebilmek
Get out: dışarı çıkmak
Get over: üstesinden gelmek
Hostage (n.): rehine
Incriminating (adj.): suçlayan, bu ünitede yapılanları ortaya çıkaran
Inspire (v.): ilham vermek
Juvenile (n.): çocuk
Life imprisonment (n.): ömür boyu hapis
Make sbd. redundant = give sbd. the sack = to fire sbd.: işten çıkarmak
Offence (n.): saldırı, aşağılama
Raise (v.): para toplamak, genelde hayır amaçlı
Raise = bring up (v.): büyütmek (çoluk çocuk)
Recall (v.): hatırlamak
Release (v.): serbet bırakmak // piyasaya sürmek // duman, gaz vb. yaymak
Trivial (adj.): unimportant, tırıvırı, önemsiz
Vandalize (v.): servet düşmanlığı yapmak
Vividly (adv.): canlı bir biçimde
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1. Develop (v.) = geliştirmek / gelişmek
2. Permanent (adj.) = kalıcı, sürekli
3. Temporary (adj.) = geçici
4. Conform to (v.)= abide by, comply with, obey, kural vb. uymak
5. Unlike (prep.) = .den farklı olarak
6. Interfere in / with (v.)= müdahale etmek, karışmak
7. Attitude (n.) = tavır, tutum
8. Depend on (v.) = dayanmak, bağlı olmak
9. Expose sth./ sbd. TO sth. = birini/bir şeyi bir şeye maruz bırakmak
10. Respond to (v.) = tepki vermek
11. Response (n.) = tepki
12. Afford to do sth. (v.)= bi işi yapmaya bütçesinin izin vermesi, altından kalkmak
13. Participate in (v.) = take part in, join, yer almak, katılmak
14. Participant (n.) = katılımcı
15. Identical (adj.) = aynısı
16. Make an attempt = teşebbüs etmek, kalkışmak, girişimde bulunmak
17. Grateful (adj.)= thankful, müteşekkir, minnettar
18. Unconsciously (adv.)= farkında olmadan
19. Ignore (v.)göz ardı etmek, hesaba katmamak
20. Influence (v.)= etkilemek
21. Interaction (n.)= etkileşim
22. Sensitive (adj.) = hassas (sensitive issue, sensitive person)
23. Sensible (adj.)= logical, reasonable, mantıklı
24. Monitor (v.) = observe, gözlemlemek
25. Be based on sth. = bir şeye dayanmak, dayandırılmak
26. As well as (prep.)= in addition to, in yanı sıra
27. Reduce (v.) = azaltmak, azalmak
28. Variability (n.) = çeşitlilik, değişebilirlik
29. Lead a team, a group, etc. = bir grup, takım yönetmek, idare etmek
30. Variable (adj.) = değişebilir
31. Manage to do (v.) = bir şeyi yapmayı başarmak
32. Lead to (v.) = bring about, cause, produce, neden olmak
33. Measures (n.) = precautions, önlem (take measures, precaution)
34. Disobey (v.) = break, ignore, violate, kuralları ihlal etmek
35. Tend to do (v.) = bi şeyi yapma eğilimi göstermek
36. Take up (v.) = bir hobiye başlamak / yer kaplamak
37. Complement (v.) = tamamlamak
38. Occupy (v.) = meşgul etmek, yer tutmak
39. Illustration (n.) = resim
40. Sequence of events = olaylar sırası
41. Imaginative (adj.) = yaratıcı
42. Imagine (v.) = hayal etmek
43. Imaginary (adj.) = gerçek olmayan
44. Delightful (adj.)= zevkli, eğlenceli
45. Spoil (v.) = berbat etmek
46. Account for (v.) = make up, oluşturmak
47. Loss (n.) = kayıp, zarar
48. Accumulate (v.) = birikmek, biriktirmek
49. Pose (v.) = tehdit, problem oluşturmak
50. Threaten (v.) = tehdit etmek
51. Primarily (adv.) = mainly, esasen, öncelikle
52. Resistant to (adj.) = 'e dirençli
53. Modify (v.) = modifiye etmek, değişiklik yapmak
54. Administer (v.) = manage, yönetmek // apply, uygulamak
55. Application (n.) = 1. uygulama 2. başvurma
56. Severe (adj.) = harsh, sert, etkileyici - ama olumsuz (severe depression)
57. Trigger (v.) = start, launch, başlatmak, tetiklemek
58. Sample (n.) = örnek, numune
59. Volunteer (n.) (v.) = gönüllü, gönüllü olmak
60. Diminish (v.)= azalmak
61. Slow down (v.) = yavaşlamak, yavaşlatmak
62. Discrimination (n.) ayrımcılık
63. Obstacle (n. ) = hurdle, engel
64. Exclude from (v.) haricinde tutmak, dışlamak
65. Found (v.) = establish, şirket, ülke, dernek vs. kurmak
66. Attract (v. )= ilgi, dikkat çekmek
67. Alteration (n.) = change, değişim, değişiklik
68. Urge sbd. TO DO sth. (v.) = birinden bir şey yapmasını istemek, yapmaya itmek
69. Substantial (adj.) = considerable, remarkable, gözle görülür biçimde
70. Indistinguishable (adj.) = ayırt edilemez
71. Conventionally (adv.) = traditionally, geleneksel ya da sıradan bir şekilde
72. Concern (n.) = kaygı
73. Susceptible to.. (adj.) = vulnerable, open to attack, etkiye açık, savunmasız
74. Deserve (v.) = hak etmek
75. Dramatic (adj.) = ACIKLI DEĞİLLLL!!!! Remarkable, rapid, göze çarpar, hızlı
76. Prevent (v.) = engellemek
77. Costly (adj.) = expensive, maliyeti yüksek
78. Accomplish (v.) = achieve, bir görevi, hedefi yerine getirmek, tamamlamak
79. Extract (v.) = özünü çıkarmak
80. Astonish (v.) = amaze, hayrete düşürmek
81. Recover (v.) = iyileşmek
82. Challenge (n.) (v.) = zor durum, görev, vs. // meydan okumak
83. Remain (n.) (v.) = kalıntı // kalmak, durumunu muhafaza etmek (+ ADJ.)
84. Finding (n.) = bulgu
85. Date from (v.) = tarihinden gelmek, .'ya kadar uzanmak
86. Confuse (v.) = kafa karıştırmak
87. Assess (v.) = evaluate, değerlendirmek
88. Work out (v.) = hesaplamak, işe yaramak, antrenman yapmak
89. Range from to . (v.) = dan .ya uzanmak
90. As well as (prep.) = in addition to, nın yanı sıra
91. Evolutionary (adj.) = evrim teorisine ait
92. Sequence (n.) = sıra
93. Vanish (v.) = disappear, yok olmak
94. Emerge (v.) = ortaya çıkmak
95. Replace (v.) = bir kimsenin/şeyin yerini almak
96. Susceptibility to (n.) = vulnerability, dan etkilenmeye açık
97. Particulars (n.) = details, detaylar
98. Infant (n.) = child, velet
99. Reveal (v.) = disclose, uncover, show, göstermek (research has revealed that)
100. Incidence (n.) = event, olay, durum
101. As opposed to = nın aksine
102. Decline (v.) (n.) = eğilimin azalması, azalma
103. Maturity (n.) = olgunluk
104. Likely (adj.) = probable, possible, olası
105. Income (n.) = gelir
106. Outcome (n.) = result, consequence, sonuç, netice
107. Exception (n.) = istisna
108. Infection (n.) = enfeksiyon
109. Reside (v.) = live, ikamet etmek
110. Residence (n.) = ikametgah
111. Resident (n.) = ikametgar kişi (!!!) yaşayan işte!
112. Adversely (n.) = negatively, olumsuz biçimde
113. Lower (v.) = decrease, azaltmak, düşürmek
114. Account for (v.) = neden olmak (an inadeauate diet a..r lowering resistance)
115. poor nutrition = zayıf beslenme
116. Sincerity (n.) = içtenlik
117. Honesty (n.) = dürüstlük
118. Credibility (n.) = inanılırlık, uff çok temiz ruhlu kelimeler oldu!!!
119. Awareness (n.) = farkındalık
120. Resolve (v.) = çözmek, problem, anlaşmazlık falan
121. Seek (v.) = look for, aramak - iş, fırsat, bela
122. Supernatural (adj.) = SÜPER doğal diiil!!!! Doğaüstü demek!
123. on the contrary = bunun aksine
124. Arouse (v.) = cause, neden olmak
125. Arise (v.) = occur, meydana gelmek // arise from= caused by
126. Imaginary (adj.) = gerçek olmayan, hayali
127. Shelter (n.) = sığınak
128. Confront (v.) = face, come up against, karşı karşıya kalmak
129. Be disposed of (v.) = atılmak, hurdaya ayrılmak
130. Entirely (adv.) = wholly, tamamen
131. Contaminate (v.) = pollute, kirletmek
132. Hazardous (adj.) = dangerous , tehlikeli
133. Approve (v.) = onaylamak
134. Feasible (adj.) = possible, gerçekleştirilebilir
135. Adapt to (v.) = adapte olmak
136. Adopt (v.) = uyarlamak, evlat edinmek
137. Incentive (n.)= motivasyon kaynağı
138. Contain (v.) = içermek, muhteva etmek
139. From a financial point of view= mali açıdan bakıldığında
140. Unbearable (adj.) = katlanılamaz
141. Trigger (v.)= start, launch, cause, başlatmak, tetiklemek, neden olmak
142. Disastrous (adj.) = devastating, felaket gibi, yıkıcı
143. Consequence (n.) = result, outcome, sonuç
144. Avoid (v.) = sakınmak, kaçınmak
145. Vulnerable to (adj.)=susceptible! OF bıktım bundan! Etkiye açık
146. Decay (v.) = çürümek
147. Insignificant (adj.) = not clear, belli belirsiz
148. Argue (v.) = iddia etmek
149. Occur (v.) = meydana gelmek, take place, happen
150. Decade (n.) 10 yıllık süreye verilen isim
151. Find out (v.) = discover, farkına varmak, keşfetmek
152. without any preparation beforehand= önceden hazırlık yapmadan
153. Monitor (v.) = observe, gözlemlemek
154. Assume (v.) = varsaymak.
155. Nervous (adj.) = endişeli
156. Expectation (n.) = beklenti, umut
157. Perception (n.) = algı
158. Anxiety (n)= endişe
159. Sophisticated (adj.) = alet edevat için karmaşık, insan için bilgili
160. Conclude (v.) sonuca varmak, bir yorum yapmak
161. is worth changing = değiştirmeye değer
162. Inconsistencies (n.) = tutarsızlıklar
163. for the sake of . = bir şeyin uğruna
164. Revise (v.) = gözden geçirmek
165. Express (v.) = ifade etmek
166. Comprehend (v.) = understand, grasp, kavramak, idrak etmek, anlamak
167. Comprehensible (adj.) = kavranıbl!
168. Tolerable (adj.) = tolere edilebilen, kafasına şişe fırlatılmayan (!)
169. Anticipate (v.) = expect, ummak, beklenti içinde olmak
170. Relevant (adj.) = konuyla ilgili alakalı olan
171. Wisdom (n.) = bilgelik
172. intensive exposure to . = ye yoğun biçimde maruz kalma
173. Extensively (adv.) = geniş çapta olacak şekilde
174. Release (v.) = serbest bırakmak, salmak, piyasaya sürmek
175. Appreciate (v.) = taktir etmek
176. Revision (n.) = revizyongözden geçirme
177. cut off the blood supply = kan kaynağını kesmek
178. double their size = boyutlarını iki katına çıkarmak
179. Experimental (adj.) = deneysel
180. Relate to ()v.) = bir şeye benzemek, ilgisi olmak
181. Reverse (v.) = tersine çevirmek
182. be linked to . = ile bağlantılı olmak, be associated with
183. urge people TO DO sth. = insanları bir şey yapmaya teşvik etmek, itmek
184. Promote (v.) = desteklemek
185. Drastic measures = radikal/ani alınan önlemler
186. hereditary connection = kalıtımsal bir bağlantı
187. life-threatening tumours = hayatı tehdit eden tümörler
188. cancerous tissue = kanserli doku
189. appetite-suppressing pills = iştah bastırıcı haplar
190. decline (v.) (n.) = düşüş göstermek, düşüş
191. steady supply of oxygen = sabit/ kesintisiz oksijen kaynağı
192. identify (v.) = tanımlamak
193. side effect = yan etki
194. fat accumulation = yağ birikmesi
195. opposition (n.)= muhalefet
196. Proposal (n.) = teklif
197. Indicate (v.) = göstermek, işaret etmek, ifade etmek
198. abnormally greedy = anormal derecede açgözlü
199. Regulate (v.) = düzenlemek
200. Differ from/than sth. (v.) = den farkı olmak
201. Enable sbd. TO DO sth. = birinin bir şey yapmasını sağlamak
202. Costly (adj.) = expensive, pahalı, maliyeti yüksek
203. Raise (v.) = increase, arttırmak
204. Raise = collect, toplamak
205. Raise = bring up = kavun karpuz çocuk falan yetiştirmek
206. Raise a subject, issue = bi konuyu gündeme getirmek
207. raise concerns = kaygı uyandırmak
208. Enthusiast (n.) = hayran, bir fikrin taraftarı
209. assume (v.) = varsaymak
210. Adapt to (v.) = şartlara adapte olmak
211. Manipulate (v.) = manipule etmek, kendi çıkarına kontrol altına almak
212. Menace (n.)= tehdit
213. countless (adj.) = many, lots of, sayısız, bir sürü
214. Overcome (v.) = üstesinden gelmek
215. Utilize (v.) = use, kullanmak
216. primitive societies = ilkel toplumlar!
217. career prospects = kariyer şansları
218. spiraling costs = artan maliyetler
219. aim at sth. = bir şeyi hedeflemek
220. explore (v.) = keşfetmek
221. the Project got under way = projeye başlandı
222. precisely (adv.) = exactly, kesin olarak
223. detrimental to (adj.) = harmful for, zararlı
224. inspire (v.) = ilham vermek
225. rumors = söylenti
226. affection (n.) = şefkat
227. Pioneer (v.) = liderlik etmek, önder olmak
228. in rare instances = nadir durumlarda, nadiren
229. exaggerate (v.) = abartmak,, egzajere etmek!
230. side effect = yan etki
231. food poisoning = gıda zehirlenmesi
232. compensate (v.) = make up for, telafi etmek, tazmin etmek
233. pursue (v.) = peşinden gitmek
234. certify (v.) = approve, onaylamak
235. speculation (n.) = söylenti
236. represent (v.) = temsil etmek
237. severe injury = ciddi yaralanma
238. features = properties, özellikler
239. subject (n.) = denek
240. social pressure = toplumsal baskı
241. excellence (n.) = mükemmellik
242. accomplishment = achievement = başarı, bi işi yerine getirme
243. tense (adj.) = gergin
244. differentiate (v.) = ayırdına varmak
245. instantly (adv.) = anında
246. convert sth. into sth = bir şeyi bir şeye çevirmek
247. versatile (adj.) = çok amaçlı kullanılabilen
248. horizontal (adj.) = yatay
249. vertical (adj.) = dikey
250. determine (v.) = tespit etmek, belirlemek
251. curve (n.) = kıvrım
252. store (v.) = saklamak, ama odada falan bi eşyayı tutmak gibi!
253. work out (v.) = calculate, hesaplamak
254. apparent (adj.) = görünürde
255. species (n.) = tür
256. successfully exhibited = başarılı şekilde sergilenen
257. even by the faintest electrical currents = en hafif elektrikli akımlar tarafından bile
258. bother (v.) = rahatsız etmek
259. little is known about .= . hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir
260. boom (v.) = birden artış göstermek
261. triple (v.) = 3 katına çıkmak
262. life expectancy = yaşam süresi, ömür
263. convey an idea TO sbd. = bir fikri falan birilerine aktarmak
264. on the verge of .. = in eşiğinde
265. elements linked to cancer. = kanser ile bağlantılı olan elementler
266. urbanize (v.) = kentleşmek
267. prosperity (n.) = zenginlik, refah
268. modify (v.) = değişiklik yapak, adapte etmek, modifiye etmek
269. a striking improvement = çarpıcı gelişim, gözle görülür ilerleme
270. diminishing prices = azalan fiyatlar
271. career prospects = kariyer şansları
272. literacy = cehalet
273. embarrass (v.) = utandırmak
274. controversial (adj.) = tartışmalı
275. long-standing neglect of . = .in uzun süreli göz ardı edilmesi
276. enlighten people about . = insanları .hakkında aydınlatmak
277. absence of political will = politik iradenin yokluğu
278. implement various policies = çeşitli politikalar yürütmek/ uygulamak
279. mundane news stories = sıkıcı gazete haberleri
280. seek, sought, sought = aramak, look for
281. an outstanding performance = harika, büyüleyici, olağanüstü performans
282. break into = zorla içeri girmek
283. have an access to . = ya erişimi olmak
284. in return for. = karşılığında
285. tend to be secretive = saklama eğilimi göstermek
286. fiddle with sth. = bir şeye müdahale etmek, karıştırmak
287. financial gain = mali kazanç
288. hacking came to an abrupt halt = hacking aniden durdu
289. defeat (v) (n.) = yenmek, yenilgi
290. set out to do sth. = bir şeyi yapmak için işe koyulmak
291. relieve (v.) = rahatlamak, rahatlatmak
292. contemporary scientists= modern çağın bilim adamları
293. deduce (v.) = come to a conclusion, çıkarımda bulunmak
294. reasoning = nedenselleştirme
295. diversity (n.) = difference, farklılık
296. remains nearly the same = neredeyse aynı kalmıştır
297. radiate (v.) = yaymak, radyasyon buradan geliyor (radiation)
298. annually (adv.) = yıllık
299. deficiency (n.) = eksiklik (deficient = eksik, ..dan yoksun)
300. insincerity (n.) = samimiyetsizlik
301. hard-earned cash = zor kazanılan para
302. glamour = çekicilik, glamorous = çekici, gösterişli
303. humdrum tasks= sıkıcı işler, monotonous tasks, jobs
304. accurate (adj.) = exact, precise, kesin
305. provide benefits = yarar sağlamak
306. drought-stricken trees = kuraklığın vurduğu ağaçlar
307. trees here are deprived of water = buradaki ağaçlar sudan yoksunlar
308. send out = yaymak, emit
309. detect (v.) = tespit etmek
310. draw worrying conclusions = endişe verici çıkarımlarda bulunmak
311. perceive (v.) = algılamak
312. persist (v.) = ısrar etmek
313. reinforce (v.) = support, desteklemek
314. spontaneous (adj.) = spontane, beklenmedik/plansız meydana gelen
315. keep up = sürdürmek
316. frantic (adj.) = çılgın
317. prominent author= bilinen, tanınan yazar
.
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Sample cause/ effect essay- cause only
"Why are cities getting overcrowded?"
The fact that the world's cities are getting more and more crowded is a well-documented demographical fact. Cities such as Tokyo, Sao Paolo, Bombay and Shanghai are now considered 'mega-cities', reflecting their enormous size and huge populations, which in many cases is around the twenty million-mark. There are two main reasons why these and other cities are becoming so crowded: one economic and the other socio-cultural.
Undoubtedly, the primary cause for cities becoming so crowded is economic. As a country develops, its cities become the engines of development. Therefore, many jobs are available in these areas. Frankfurt, Istanbul, Bombay and Sao Paolo, to name but a few, are all the economic centres of their countries. Tokyo, for example, was the motor for Japan's rapid economic development in the 1960's and 70's; as a result, its population increased rapidly, as shown in Graph 1. People moved to Tokyo so that they could find jobs and establish economic security for themselves and their families.
A further factor in the huge increase in urban populations is the socio-cultural factor. Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons. The better universities are always located in big cities and this attracts tens of thousands of students every year. These students usually stay on and work in the city after they graduate. Moreover, young people will move to the city as the villages and rural areas are often governed by custom and tradition, which they believe is an obstacle to their personal freedom.
In conclusion, we can say that amongst the many causes behind urban population density, the economic and cultural are the most significant. People always move to the areas which provide opportunity and the freedom they desire. It is now the responsibility of municipal councils to make sure these people are housed, clothed, fed and educated.
Population growth in Tokyo 1950-1995
(source: http://www.worldhistory.com)
Population (in millions)
30
25
20
15
10
x
5
.......... 1950 1970 1990 1995
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SAMPLE OPINION ESSAY
Topic. "Capital punishment is a suitable punishment for murderers. " You can either agree OR disagree as long as you support your opinion. Organize your thoughts and write an essay of 250- 300 words.
To Kill Or Not To Kill(1)
No society is perfect, so every society has crime and if it has crime it also needs punishment. (2) Usually murder is considered the most serious crime, and some societies insist that the criminal receive the same punishment as he/she has given to the victim. This is called capital punishment and it is not a good thing(3) because it lowers society to the level of the criminal and it also ignores the fact that people are not infallible. (4)
Firstly(5), when a society treats a criminal like he/she has treated someone else, that whole society lowers itself to the level of the criminal.(6) It lets the criminal determine what society should do. In effect we are saying, "Killing is bad, so we are going to kill you!" If we kill the killer, we are becoming just as violent as that person. (7)
Furthermore,(8) capital punishment is wrong because it assumes that people can make a judgement that is perfectly right. Once a person has been executed, he/she cannot be brought back to life if it is later discovered that a mistake has been made. One of the last people to receive capital punishment in England was convicted on the testimony of an older man who was later discovered to have been the real murderer. The guilty man escaped punishment and a judge and jury were convinced that an innocent man was guilty. (9) We are not God. We don't know everything, so we can't be right all the time.
There are many ways of dealing with criminals, but capital punishment is an unsuitable one because it fails to take into account that every person can make a mistake. In addition, killing people is a strange and illogical way for a society to tell people that murder is bad. (10) Yes, murder is a terrible crime, but it is even worse when a society does it. Instead of one person being a killer we all become killers. (11)
(1) A title is a useful way of attracting attention to your topic
(2) Your introduction should begin with a fairly general statement
(3) Your thesis should make your opinion/position on the topic clear
(4) The controlling ideas should be clearly stated.
(5) Linking word
(6) Topic sentence
(7) The final sentence of a paragraph should briefly sum up the paragraph.
(8) Linking word
(9) Example supporting topic (10) Recapitulation/restatement of thesis
(11) Final thought
ESSAY WRITING MODEL + GUIDE
1. Why isn't To Kill Or Not To Kill written at the top of the page?
2. How many paragraphs are there in the essay?
Introduction
1. Which is the most general statement?
2. Which is the Thesis Statement?
3. What is the purpose of the statement " and it is not a good thing"? How else can the writer express this idea, which other words can he use?
4. How many controlling ideas are given?
5. Which word is used to connect the main idea (opinion) and the controlling ideas? Which other words can be used here?
6. Why doesn't the writer just say "This is called capital punishment and it is not a good thing for two main reasons"?
Body paragraph 1
1. Which word is used to start the paragraph? Which other words or phrases can be used here?
2. Does the Topic Sentence refer to the Thesis Statement in anyway? How?
3. Does the Topic Sentence refer to one part of the controlling ideas or to both of them?
4. Do the following sentences support the Topic Sentence?
5. What is the purpose of the last sentence in the paragraph?
6. How many sentences in the paragraph?
Body Paragraph 2
1. Which word is used to link this paragraph with the previous one? Which other words could be used in its place?
2. Which part of the Thesis Statement does the Topic Sentence refer to?
3. What are the roles of the sentences following the Topic Sentence?
4. What does the writer use to strengthen his argument?
5. Do the supporting sentences refer to the topic of Body Paragraph 1?
Conclusion
1. How does the writer refer to his Thesis Statement in the conclusion?
2. Does he repeat his Thesis Statement or does he restate it using different words?
3. Does the writer introduce any new information (or give any facts, examples or statistics) in the conclusion?
4. Does the writer summarize his main ideas in the conclusion?
5. Why is the last sentence short and lacking in detail?
ANSWER KEY
1. Because it's not the title of the essay, it's the writer's personal title. The official title should be written at the top of the page so the reader knows what he/she is going to read (and so the examiner knows which essay he is evaluating!!)
2. Four: (i) Introduction; (ii) Body 1; (iii) Body 2; (iv) Conclusion
Introduction
1. The first one ("No society")
2. "This is called capital punishment and "
3. To give the writer's main idea, his opinion in regard to the title.
4. Two: "it lowers society to the level of the criminal" and "it also ignores the fact"
5. "because". Also "as" and "due to the fact that" can be used.
6. Because it doesn't specify the controlling ideas. The reader needs to know what he is reading and needs to know what to expect. " for two main reasons" leaves the essay open and undecided.
Body Paragraph 1
1. "Firstly" Alternatives: "First of all" "To begin with" "One of the reasons"
2. Yes, it does. The Topic Sentence refers to one of the controlling ideas.
3. It refers to just one controlling idea.
4. Yes, of course!
5. To summarize briefly the main point(s) of the paragraph.
6. Four. (Each body paragraph should have a minimum of 4 sentences).
Body Paragraph 2
1. "Furthermore" Alternatives: "In addition" "Moreover" "Secondly" "Another reason" "Not only"
2. The Topic Sentence refers to the second controlling idea.
3. To support the Topic Sentence.
4. He uses an example.
5. No!
Conclusion
1. He restates the Thesis Statement using different words. (Introduction: "capital punishment is not a good thing" Conclusion: "capital punishment is an unsuitable one").
2. He restates it using different words (synonyms, etc.)
3. No.
4. Yes- "because it fails to take into account" and " killing people is a strange and illogical" (these summarize the two topics).
5. Because it is a final thought and it ends the essay, it isn't starting a new one. It is also short but powerful and leaves the reader with a strong final thought.
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VOCAB REVIEW (I)
Fill in the blanks with suitable words, but REMEMBER TO MAKE ANY NECESSARY CHANGES!
Discernible Associate Raise Result from Devote
Remain Retain Link Lead to Severely
Interfere Rise Bring in Bring up Result in
Exposure Get on Thoroughly Wear out
1. It is a widely known fact that people who use drugs are . punished in China and some other Asian countries.
2. The new Director is said to have .... himself to finding out solutions to his employees' problems! We are damn lucky, I guess!
3. Since there is no concrete evidence regarding the creators of these crop circle phenomenon, the issue still a mystery.
4. Michael Moore's latest book is believed to . a great many heated debates among the ministers in the Congress.
5. It is claimed not only by doctors, but some dieticians as well that excessive .. to sunlight may .. serious skin diseases.
6. Jason and his elder brother .... in a small town in a closed society, so they cannot show their emotions easily.
7. I can't understand why some parents .... their child's psychological problems only to his/her school life!
8. Some businessmen find it difficult to .. with their weekly schedules on their own when their secretaries are on holiday!
9. I'm sorry I cannot join you tonight, for I feel .. after today's 3-hour seminar.
10. Look! If you keep . in my private life, I will not let you visit me again!
11. Despite the recent economic reforms, there has been no . difference in the quality of our life.
Key: severely - devoted - remains - stir - exposure/lead to - were raised - link -
get on - worn out - discernible
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SECTION I. LISTENING/ Questions 1- 6 (6 x 1.5 = 9 pts)
Choose the most suitable alternative to complete each of the following sentences according to the text you heard.
1. The rainbow _______________.
a) appears during sunset
b) is violet on the outside and red on the inside
c) is a broken optical spectrum of light
d) is an optical and meteorological phenomenon
2. The rainbow effect can be observed when __________________.
a) the sun shines from behind the observer at a low angle or height
b) the whole sky is dark with clouds
c) waterfalls release vapor on a cloudy day
d) the observer is near a river
3. Isaac Newton showed that _______________.
a) the rainbow does not contain the color blue
b) moonbows are white
c) the rainbow actually exists in the sky
d) white light contained all the colors of the rainbow
4. A second, dimmer rainbow ________________.
a) is caused by a double reflection of the sunlight
b) is seen inside the primary bow
c) appears at an angle of 15 degrees
d) is red on the outside and violet on the inside
5. According to __________, the rainbow is a sign of God's contract with mankind.
a) Galileo
b) The Bible
c) Greek mythology
d) American Indian mythology
6. In __________________, the rainbow was a door to stop humans from leaving the world.
a) Chinese mythology c) American mythology
b) Hindu mythology d) Indian mythology
SECTION II. USE of ENGLISH/ Questions 7- 41 (35 x 1 = 35 points)
Choose the alternative that best fits in each blank to make the text meaningful.
Text 1.
Scientists revealed the secret world of plants long ago. It _________7 for many years that when exposed to light under suitable conditions of temperature and moisture, the green parts of plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen to it. These changes are the opposite of those _________8 in respiration. The _________9 is called photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water by the chloroplasts of plant cells in the _________10 of light. Oxygen is the product of the reaction. For _________11 molecule of carbon dioxide used, one molecule of oxygen is released.
7. a) has known b) was known c) had been known d) has been known
8. a) occurred b) occur c) when occurring d) which occur
9. a) process b) progress c) advancement d) affair
10. a) presence b) presently c) presentation d) present
11. a) all b) each c) some d) none
Text 2.
There are many ways of communicating without using speech. People often prefer _________12 signals, signs, symbols, and gestures to communicating through speech in every known culture. The basic function of a signal is _________13 the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, its potential for communication is very great. Signs _________14 greater meaning in themselves although they are less adaptable to the codification of speech. For example, the color pattern of a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs _________15 their intricate relationship with the receiver's cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theatre _________16 performers with an auditory symbol of approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain cultural messages.
12. a) using b) use c) having used d) to use
13. a) being affected b) affected c) to affect d) having affected
14. a) contain b) impress c) consist d) inform
15. a) despite b) because of c) though d) as well as
16. a) prevents b) permits c) provides d) protects
Text 3.
Which is more harmful: diet or tobacco? Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is _________17 for nearly a third of all cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.
Dr Tim Key, who is _________18 research at the University of Oxford, said that scientists are still discovering how certain foods _________19 to cancer but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity play a major role. "Five percent of cancers could be _________20 if nobody was obese," he said. While tobacco is linked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent." _________21 500 cases, we know that obesity and alcohol are important," said Key.
Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous _________22 is increased when combined with smoking. _________23 both alcohol consumption and obesity rates are rising in many countries is another fact which needs to be studied.
Key said that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown, but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, _________24 some answers.
Early results of the study have _________25 that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries, while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.
17. a) guilty b) hazardous c) responsible d) available
18. a) carrying out b) working out c) holding up d) turning up
19. a) contribute b) donate c) expose d) commit
20. a) escaped b) diagnosed c) estimated d) avoided
21. a) Observed c) Being observed
b) Having observed d) Having been observed
22. a) assumption b) impression c) solution d) impact
23. a) When b) What c) Why d) Where
24. a) will provide c) will have provided
b) are providing d) is providing
25. a) extracted b) revealed c) emerged d) covered
Text 4.
We owe our ability to explore sea and ocean depths to technology. Recent technological advances in manned and unmanned undersea vehicles _________26some of the limitations of divers and diving equipment. Without a vehicle, divers often became lazy and slow and their mental concentration became limited. Because of undersea pressure which affected their speech organs, communication among divers used to be difficult or impossible, which _________27 their work. _________28, today most oceanographers make observations by means of modern instruments which are lowered into the ocean or from samples taken from the water. Direct observations of the ocean floor are made not only by divers but also by deep-diving submarines. Some of these submarines can dive to depths of more than seven miles and cruise at depths of fifteen thousand feet. Radio-equipped buoys can be operated by remote control _________29 data about water, temperature, currents and weather can be transmitted back to land-based laboratories. As can be seen, if such technical devices _________30 over the years, it would be very difficult to make observations in the depths of the oceans today.
26. a) had overcome c) overcome
b) will have overcome d) have overcome
27. a) slowed down c) can't have slowed down
b) has slowed down d) should have slowed down
28. a) Besides b) All in all c) However d) Even though
29. a) so as to b) so that c) such a way that d) as such
30. a) haven't been improved c) weren't improved
b) hadn't been improved d) aren't improved
Text 5.
A conference was held in The Hague last month with the aim of reducing emissions. Ministers at the conference told the world's press that they hadn't succeeded _________31 an agreement on 'greenhouse gas' emissions, which raise the Earth's temperature. Scientists warned that this would result in _________32 pollution than before and a greater risk of disasters across the globe. A United Nations representative said the conference had been organised to reach agreements on reducing emissions. It was a follow-up to the 1997
conference in Kyoto, Japan, when governments promised they would reduce emissions of carbon-based gases _________33 1990 levels by 2012. In Kyoto, the European Union agreed to cut emissions by 8%, Japan by 6%, and the USA by 7%. At the conference in The Hague, Britain declared that it was one of the few countries _________34 its emissions, but critics asked if this was due to government policy _________35 the decline in the coal industry. The EU _________36 the USA (the world's biggest polluter producing 24% of the world's emissions) that it had not met its targets. The USA firmly denied it was making excuses and said the targets were _________37 unrealistic that it was difficult to meet them.
_________38, some government ministers reluctantly admitted that they might need to cut global emissions by up to 60% in the long-term. However, many developing countries refused to sign any pollution agreements; they said it would harm their _________39 and insisted that the developed countries lead _________40 way. As a result, the developed countries should make everyone _________41 that it is important to meet the targets mentioned as soon as possible.
31. a) reaching b) to reach c) in reaching d) as to reach
32. a) much b) more c) less d) fewer
33. a) down b) beneath c) underneath d) below
34. a) reduce b) reduced c) being reduced d) reducing
35. a) and b) or c) nor d) not
36. a) reminded b) remembered c) recalled d) retained
37. a) too b) very c) so d) such
38. a) Having warned c) To be warned
b) Warning d) Having been warned
39. a) economic development c) economical development
b) developing economically d) developing economic
40. a) a b) some c) the d) O
41. a) to notice b) notice c) to be noticed d) noticed
SECTION III. READING/ Questions 42- 65 (24 x 1.5 = 36 points)
Text 1.
Three sentences have been deleted from the text below. Choose the alternative (A - D) that would best fit in each blank (42 -44) and mark your choice on the answer sheet. There is one extra sentence which you don't need to use.
Desperate Afghan Women Choose Fiery Suicides
Nineteen-year-old Zahara says the day of her wedding was one of the happiest of her life. But the marriage quickly became a nightmare of quarrels and beatings. Just three months later, she lies in hospital, her pretty face and much of her body scarred by horrific burns, after she poured petrol over her head and lit a match. (42) _______
Zahara is one of many women to attempt suicide rather than be trapped in an unhappy marriage. Lying on a filthy hospital bed in the city of Herat, she clearly found it painful to speak. "My body was black from beatings," she said. "I was happy to kill myself because life was unbearable." Zahara said her husband insulted her when she said she wanted to return to her family and threatened her with a gun. (43) _______ "He thought I was joking, but I took the matches and set myself on fire," she said. Zahara is fortunate to come from a closely knit family which plans to take her to Iran for treatment soon.
In the past year, the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission has recorded at least 110 cases of self-immolation (killing oneself by burning) by women in just five parts of the country. There have been no fewer than 56 cases in Herat, a Western province ruled by a forceful Islamist accused of continuing "Taliban-like" restrictions on women.
The Rights Commission blamed Herat's high number of suicides on both domestic violence and restrictions on women's rights imposed by Governor Ismail Khan. While Khan supports female education, women's job opportunities are sharply reduced in Herat and all women are still expected to wear cover-all burqas or Iranian-style veils whenever they go out.
Marjo Stroud, of the German NGO Medica Mondiale in Herat says depression rates among women are extremely high. The main reason for this seems to be lack of hope. (44) ______ "Even if their families support them, they don't know if their job opportunities might suddenly end." Khan has, for instance, discouraged women from joining nongovernmental organizations, saying that Afghans who allowed their wives to work with foreign men could not be real men. Women have also been banned from working in tailors' shops because of "the potential for un-Islamic activity" and the only driving school for women has been shut down.
A. Eventually he said she should kill herself if she was so unhappy.
B. What is more, the drugs against depression are very rare and expensive in Afghanistan.
C. "Many young women are afraid that their dreams of getting a career will never come true," she said.
D. In post-Taliban Afghanistan, despite the new laws protecting women's rights that the Western-backed government passed in January, this remains a depressingly familiar story.
Text 2. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Hair Loss
I. British men are most likely to worry about receding hairlines but are the least likely to do anything about the problem. Only Germans take the issue as seriously as their European neighbors, but they use hair-loss treatments, while Britons shave off what little they have, according to a poll published Tuesday. "There are so many myths and misconceptions about hair loss, and so, a lot of men are quite understandably suspicious of so-called miracle cures," said Dr Tim Mitchell. "But we can do a great deal more for men who are losing their hair than even a few years ago," he added in a statement. In a poll of 1,500 men in Britain, Spain, Germany, France and Italy, Britons and Germans were most likely to admit their hair loss made them feel old, less attractive and more self-doubting. Men in Spain, Germany and France dedicated more of their time and money to hair care than those in Italy or Britain. Spaniards and Germans said tackling the problem was particularly important to them and if a treatment helped, it made them feel healthier, more attractive and confident.
II. Hair loss affects about 50 percent of adult men. Male patterned hair loss (MPHL), or androgenetica alopecia, is the most common form of hair loss in men. About 6.5 million men in Britain have mild to moderate MPHL. It is inherited from one or both parents. Their hair follicles - holes in the skin from which hairs grow - are oversensitive to the effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a male sex hormone which is converted from testosterone. Mitchell advised men suffering from hair loss to see their doctor or pharmacist early.
45. The text mainly discusses ________.
a) how European men view hair loss
b) miracle cures for hair loss
c) how German men handle the problem of hair loss
d) how to stop hair loss
46. Which of the following is TRUE?
a) German men use less hair loss treatment than British men.
b) Italian men spend more time on hair care than Spanish men.
c) German men believe bald men look more attractive.
d) British men worry about hair loss but do little about it.
47. The word 'misconceptions' in paragraph I is closest in meaning to ________.
a) useless drugs c) improvements
b) wrong beliefs d) useful drugs
48. The word 'self-doubting' in paragraph I is closest in meaning to ________.
a) self-confident b) selfish c) insecure d) handsome
49. What does those in paragraph I refer to?
a) Spain, Germany and France c) time and money
b) men in Spain, Germany and France d) men
50. What does their in paragraph II refer to?
a) both parents c) British men
b) men with MPHL d) adult men
Text 3. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Kyoto Protcol
I. The '''Kyoto Protocol''' was discussed in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, opened for signature on March 16, 1998, and closed on March 15, 1999. Countries which approve this protocol will reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which increase global warming. The goal is to lower overall production of six greenhouse gases. National targets range from 8% reductions for the European Union to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia, and permitted increases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland.
II. The protocol operates in an interesting way. Each country has agreed to limit emissions to the levels described in the protocol, but many countries have limits that are set above their current production. These extra amounts can be purchased by other countries on the open market. So, for instance, Russia currently easily meets its targets, and can sell off its ''credits'' for millions of dollars to countries that don't yet meet their targets, Canada for instance. This rewards countries that meet their targets, and provides financial support to others to do so as soon as possible.
III. As of February 2002, the agreement had been ratified by 104 countries, representing 43.9% of emissions. Countries do not need to sign the treaty in order to ratify it; signing is a symbolic act only. A total of 19 countries had signed the protocol but not ratified it. The remaining 58 countries had neither signed nor ratified the protocol.
IV. The protocol left several issues open, to be decided later. They tried to resolve these issues at a meeting in 2000, but it wasn't possible to reach an agreement due to clashes between the European Union on the one hand (which demanded a stricter agreement) and the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia on the other (which wanted the agreement to be less demanding and more flexible).
V. The Kyoto Protocol limits emissions to a percentage increase or decrease from their 1990 levels. Since 1990, the economies of most countries in the former Soviet Union have collapsed. Because of this, Russia should have no problem with Kyoto, as its current emission levels are considerably below its targets. Therefore, Russia was expected to approve the treaty. However, those who had hoped Russia would approve were disappointed in 2003 when Putin indicated his unwillingness to sign. The reason for this was the open criticism by Russian scientists for the scientific basis of Kyoto - the hypothesis that CO2 is a major cause of world climate change.
VI. The United States has neither approved nor withdrawn from the protocol. George W. Bush has indicated that he does not want to sign the treaty because he is not contented with the details of the treaty. He said of the treaty: "The world's second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases is China. Yet, China is entirely free from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. This is unfair."
VII. Supporters of the Kyoto Protocol claim that reducing these emissions is very important; carbon dioxide, they believe, is causing the earth's atmosphere to heat up too much. However, some opponents state that the protocol will prevent or damage economic growth. They say the protocol is dangerously simplistic and economically destructive to jobs and standards-of-living. Some other opponents argue that the protocol does not go far ''enough'' to control greenhouse emissions, and the standards it sets will be totally ineffective at controlling or even slowing climate change.
VIII. The Kyoto Protocol can also be opposed by comparing costs and gains. Several economic analyses were made that show that the Kyoto Protocol is more expensive than the global warming that it intends to avoid. Supporters of the Kyoto Protocol argue, however, that while the initial greenhouse gas cuts may have little effect, they set the political example for bigger and more effective cuts in the future.
IX. Some theorists predict that even if the world's leading industrial nations agree to reduce their "greenhouse" emissions, it is likely that there would be no net change in emissions worldwide. As the industrialized countries cut their demand for fossil fuels, the law of supply and demand will tend to cause the world prices of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas to plunge, and make fuel use more affordable for poorer nations. These theorists predict increased fuel use (primarily coal) in the poorer countries.
51. The Kyoto Protocol ________.
a) aims at increasing global warming by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases
b) was signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan
c) was designed by Japan to be discussed in the city of Kyoto
d) permits some countries to increase their emissions of greenhouse gases
52. According to the Protocol, Canada ________.
a) has no limits to its production of greenhouse gases
b) does not produce any greenhouse gases
c) can increase its limits by buying credits from such countries as Russia
d) will get financial support from Russia to improve its production systems
53. The word 'ratified'in paragraph III is closest in meaning to ________.
a) accepted
b) rejected
c) represented
d) claimed
54. The word 'clashes' in paragraph IV is closest in meaning to ________.
a) discouragement
b) disagreement
c) flexibility
d) feasibility
55. According to the text, _________.
a) Russia has approved the Kyoto Protocol
b) Russia has a considerable problem with its current emission levels
c) The Soviet Union collapsed because of the Kyoto Protocol
d) some Russian scientists believe CO2 is not a major cause of world climate
change
56. The word 'contented' in paragraph VI is closest in meaning to ________.
a) competed b) pleased c) pretended d) concluded
57. Supporters of the Kyoto Protocol think ________.
a) greenhouse gases heat up the world
b) the Protocol is dangerously simplistic
c) greenhouse gas cuts are already big enough
d) there will be no net change in emissions worldwide
58. Opponents of the Kyoto Protocol claim ________.
a) the Protocol will improve standards of living
b) the standards of the Protocol will slow down climate change
c) the application of the Protocol will cost more than the global warming that it
avoids
d) the Protocol has to be signed by China in order to reach the desired targets
59. The word 'plunge' in paragraph IX is closest in meaning to ________.
a) fall c) expand
b) increase d) extend
Text 4. Read the text and choose the alternative that best answers each question.
Electric Cars
I. One of the leading problems on our planet is that it's running out of fossil fuels, one of which is petrol, the main source of energy for motor vehicles. For several years, motor companies have been trying to find alternative engine systems to replace the cars running on petrol. One suggested alternative was electric cars. However, most motor companies have already ceased their electric car productions. Ford is only one of them. The Ford Motor Company's abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say. General Motors and Honda also stopped production of battery-powered cars in 1999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric-petrol engines, which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same. Three years ago, the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the Think Neighbor. It hoped to sell 15,000 cars each year. But only 2700 cars were sold.
II. "The bottom line is we don't believe that this is the future of environmental transport for the mass market," Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. "We feel we have given electric our best shot."
III. The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors' EV1 electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles. The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota RAV4 EV vehicle costs over $42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota and Nissan are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles.
IV. "There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program, and that is what we will be judging them on," Roger Higman, senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth, told the Environment News Service. Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines, which are a combination of an electric engine and a petrol engine, offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines on vehicle emissions (harmful gases released into the air) in the US. However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June 2002, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court case, delaying the law requiring carmakers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in California by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the law will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles.
60. The word 'ceased' in paragraph I is closest in meaning to ________.
a) stopped c) increased
b) started d) advertised
61. The Ford Motor Company ________.
a) wants to start producing electric cars
b) has never produced electric cars
c) works with Honda to produce electric cars
d) will focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric-petrol engines
62. Which motor company still produces electric cars?
a) Nissan
b) Honda
c) Think City
d) General Motors
63. Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the text?
a) Consumers prefer fuel cell to hybrid electric-petrol engines.
b) Petrol-powered cars are more expensive than electric cars.
c) The Think City is a slower car than General Motors' EV1.
d) Ford sold fewer electric cars than they had expected.
64. Hybrid engines ________.
a) have been rejected by UK Friends of the Earth
b) run on electricity only
c) run on petrol only
d) run on both electricity and petrol
65. General Motors and Daimler Chrysler ________.
a) have stopped producing zero-emission vehicles
b) produced 100,000 zero-emission cars in 2003
c) want the government to change the law regarding car-emissions
d) cooperate to produce zero-emission cars in a few years
WRITING (20 points)
Write an essay of 250- 300 words on ONE of the topics given below. Your essay must have an introduction/ a clear thesis statement (with controlling idea/s), at least 2 body paragraphs with relevant supporting ideas and a conclusion. Your ideas should be organized properly.
1. In our country, it is very hard for young people to get a job as soon as they graduate from the university. So they are either unemployed or end up doing jobs which they have no interest in. Discuss the causes of this.
2. Discuss the reasons why parents in especially East Anatolia do not let their daughters go to school.
3. How does travelling to different countries affect a person in general?
4. Discuss the possible effects of the Nato Conference to be held on June 28-29, 2004 on Istanbul and its people.
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