saçlarımla ilgili problem yaşamadığım için denemedim.kullandığınız şampuana doğum kontrol hapı belli oranda ezilerek katılıyo ve yüze gelmeden uygulandığını duydum.başarılı bir çalışma.kel arkadaşlar ve kelliğe adım atmaya başlayanlar için araştırıldıktan sonra çözüm olabilir.ama kesinlikle sağlık konusu iyi araştıralım.sadece duyumlar üzerine açılmış bir makaledir.
eğer bir erkek alkol alıyorsa o zaman sadece suskunluğu kendisine bile açamadığı birikmiş mevzuları toparlıyordur.eğer bir erkek normal bir zamanda susuyorsa o an gözleriyle konuşuyordur o konuşmayı sadece gerçek kadınlar duyar.eğer bir erkek herzaman ilgisiz halsiz konuşmuyorsa o zamanda konuşturmasını bileceksin.erkek susar erkek ağlamaz erkek şöyle erkek böyle artık bizde bunları aşmışızdır herhalde
hadi girdin rüyaya o rüyanın kabus olmaması için mekan ve rolleri seçmek içinde geliştirmek lazım bu işi.tabiki onun sadece yüzünü görmek kuzey kutubunu hawai adalarına çevirir.gözleri çöllerin ortasından en uçsuz okyanuslara sörf yaptırmaya götürür.demiyorsanızz
insanlar herzaman kendisi için ağlar.bencillik ve nefis tabiyatıyla savaşı yaşam oluşturur.sevmek yaşatmak sevilmekse yaşamdır.önce kendimizi sevelim yaşatalımki başkaları içinde varolalım.kendimi sevmeye çalışıyorum ve çalışmalıyız
bir şekilde her insan herşeyden uzaklaşıp gül bahçesinde oturduğunda güllerin kokusunu alıp alamadığını,o güzel renkleri görebildiğini,tabiattaki kuşların harika şarkısını duyabildiğini test etmelidir.gerçekten bu test pozitif olduğunda zaten sizi etki altına alabilecek bir stres kuvveti biter.
stresin ne tanımı vardır nede kaçışı sağlayabilecek bir çıkış kapısı...stres her insanın yaşayaşındaki oluşumlarla kazandığı karakterle her insana göre farklı tanımlanırken örneğin bir insana çok fazla bir iş yükü verdiğinde stres olarak ortaya çıkan huzursuzlukla başka bir insana ne kadar iş verirsen ver ama stres olmazken karşısında aynı mevkiye sahip insanın hiç birşey yapmadan oturması yine o insanın yaşamdan öğrendiği adalet duygusunun tanımladığı bir stres olarak huzursuzluk başlar.
NOUNS
NOUN TYPES EXAMPLES
Common (cins) dog, man, table etc.
Proper (özel) France, Tom etc.
Collective (topluluk) crowd, flock, group, team etc.
Compound (bileşik) daughter-in-law, sister-in-law etc.
Concrete (somut isim) apple, desk, computer etc.
Abstract (soyut isim) beauty, knowledge, love, courage etc.
Gender (cinsiyet) Masculine (eril) men, boys, and male animals etc.
Feminine (dişi) women, girls, female animals etc.
Neuter (cinsiyetsiz) things, plants, abstract names and animals (when sex is not important or known)
MASCULINE-FEMININE (eril-dişi)
Aynı türden şeylere cinsiyetlerine göre farklı isimler vermek hemen her dilde gözükmektedir. Bu ayrım zaman zaman İngilizce'de Türkçe'dekinden farklı olabilmektedir.
Genel İnsanlar Akrabalar Evcil Hayvanlar Diğer Hayvanlar
man woman
boy girl
groom bride
widower widow father mother brother sister
uncle aunt
nephew niece bull cow
cock hen
dog bitch
lion lioness
tiger tigress
Function
İsimler şu altı işleve sahiptirler.
Subject Tom is arrived.
Complement of a link verb The actor is Tom.
Direct object of a verb I saw Tom.
Indirect object of a verb I gave Tom the book.
Object of a preposition I spoke to Tom.
Possessive Tom's book
Which is noun ?
Aşağıdaki durumlardan biri veya birkaçı sözkonusu ise kelimemiz bir isimdir:
a) Determiner veya modifier almışsa
b) Sıfat tarafından nitelenmişse
c) Çoğul ise
d) Sahiplik durumları söz konusuysa
e) Preposition'dan sonra gelmişlerse
f) Aşağıdaki eklerden birine sahiplerse
Verb -ion, -tion, -ation misconception organization obsession restoration repetition action
-ment government settlement amazement achievement management
-ance, -ence allowance experience insistence acceptance
-er, -or teacher doctor emperor singer swimmer actor
Adj -ness weirdness sadness happiness selfishness nervousness
-ity tenacity brutality legality acceptability
Noun -hood childhood brotherhood
-acy democracy theocracy
-ism philistinism feminism
-ist violinist feminist
PLURAL-SINGULAR (tekil-çoğul)
İsimlerin tekil yada çoğul olmasına göre yüklemler şekil alacağından ve bunlar bu hususiyetlerine göre determiner alacağından bunları bilmek önem kazanmaktadır.
1) Bazı isimler basitçe sonlarına -s getirilerek çoğul yapılır.
• snake snakes
• ski skis
• Barrymore Barrymores [özel, aile ismiBarrymorelar]
2) Sonu -ch, -x, -s ile bitenler veya sonu telafuzda s sesi verenler -es eklenerek çoğul yapılır.
• witch witches bus buses
• box boxes gas gases
• kiss kisses Jones Joneses [özel, aile ismiJonesler]
3) Sonu bir sessiz ve bir y ile biten isimlerin y'si i'ye dönüştürülüp -es eklenir. Ancak bu kural özel isimler için geçerli değildir.
• baby babies reality realities
• gallery galleries lady ladies
ancak
• Kennedy Kennedys
4) Sonu -o ile biten isimlerin bazıları -es bazıları ise -s alarak çoğul olmaktadır.
• potato potatoes hero heroes
ancak
• memo memos cello cellos
ve o harfinden önce diğer bir seslinin geldiği durumda
• more than one stereo = stereos
5) Sonu -f veya -fe ile biten isimlerin -f harfi -v harfine dönüştükten sonra -es eklenerek çoğul yapılmaktadır. Ancak istisnalar vardır.
• knife knives leaf leaves
• hoof hooves life lives
• self selves wharf wharves (veya wharfs)
ancak
• dwarf dwarfs roof roofs
6) Bazı isimler kuralsız olarak çoğul olurlar. Bunların bir kısmının tekili ve çoğulu değişikken diğer bir kısmının hem tekili hem de çoğulu aynı yazılır.
tekili-çoğulu farklı
• child children woman women tooth teeth
• person people man men foot feet
• goose geese mouse mice
tekili-çoğulu aynı
• deer deer barracks barracks
• sheep = sheep fish fish (veya fishes)
7) Yunanca ve Latince'den geçmiş bazı isimlerin çoğulları da bu dillerden alınmıştır. Ancak data ve media (asıl tekilleri datum ve medium) çoğul olmasına rağmen tekilmiş gibi muamele görmektedir.
• nucleus = nuclei syllabus = syllabi
• criterion = criteria index = indices (veya indexes)
• thesis = theses cactus = cacti (veya cactuses)
• crisis = crises phenomenon = phenomena
• fungus = fungi appendix = appendices (veya appendixes)
8) Birkaç kelime çoğulmuş gibi gözükür ama tekildir.
• The news is bad.
• Gymnastics is fun to watch.
• Economics /mathematics /statistics is said to be difficult.
• Measles is not usually a fatal disease. (Kızamık genellikle ölümcül bir hastalık değildir.)
9) Bazı isimler her zaman çoğuldur ve tekili yoktur. Tekil olan biçimlerinin anlamları değişiktir.
Stairs (merdiven) savings (birikim) goods (mal/eşya)
Premises (mülkiyet/işyeri) means (vasıta/mali güç) arms (silahlar)
Thanks (minnettarlık) quarters (muhit/koğuş) surroundings (çevre)
• The children ran up the stairs. (Çocuklar merdiven(ler)den yukarı çıktı.)
• How many stairs are there up to the second floor? (İkinci kata kadar kaç basamak var?)
• He put all his savings into buying a boat. (Tüm birikim(ler)ini bir bot satın alımına yatırdı)
• Buy three and make a saving of 55p. (Üç tane al ve 55 penilik bir tasarruf yap)
10) Bazı isimler çoğulken de tekilken de -s takısı alır.
• The firm's headquarters is/are in London. (Firmanın yönetim merkezi Londra'dadır)
• "If my maths is/are right, the answer is 142." (Eğer hesaplama(ları)m doğru ise cevap 142.)
11) Topluluk isimleri (collective nouns) normalde tekil, ancak topluluğun fertleri ayrı ayrı kastedildiğinde çoğul yüklem alır.
audience (dinleyiciler)
band (müzik grubu)
class (sınıf)
committee (komite)
crowd (seyirci kalabalık)
firm (firma)
government (hükümet) family (aile)
flock (sürü)
group (grup)
heap (yiğin)
herd (sürü)
jury (jüri)
company (şirket) kind (tür)
lot (kura)
[the] number (takım, adamlar)
public (halk)
staff (personel)
crew (mürettebat/kadro)
team (takım)
• Our team is the best. (Bizim takım en büyük)
• Our team are wearing white shorts. (Bizim takım oyuuncuları beyaz şort giyiyor.)
12) Rakamsal ifadeler çoğunlukla tekildir. Ancak bir topluluk ismini nitelemiş ve topluluğun teker teker bireylerini kastediyorsa çoğul olur.
• Fifty thousand dollars is a lot of money.
• One-half of the faculty is retiring this summer.
ancak
• One-half of the faculty have doctorates.
• Fifty percent of the students have voted already.
13) Çift parçalı kıyafet veya aksesuarlar İngilizce'de çoğul kabul edilir. Bunları tekil kullanabilmek için a pair of ifadesi bu isimlerin başına getirilir.
• My pants are torn.
• Her scissors were stolen.
• The glasses have slipped down his nose again.
• A pair of glasses is enough for me.
14) Çoğul bir isim bir eserin, işyerinin vs. adı ise yahut kelimenin kendisi (terim) kastediliyorsa tekil yüklem alır.
• Faces is the name of the new restaurant downtown.
• Chelmsley Brothers is the best moving company in town.
• Postcards is my favorite novel.
terim-kelime olarak
• Okies, which most people regard as a disparaging word, was first used to describe the residents of Oklahoma during the 1930s.
• The term Okies was used to describe the residents of Oklahoma during the 1930s.
15) Bileşik isimleri çoğul yapmak için yalnızca ikinci isimler çoğul yapılır. Ancak man ve woman ile yapılmış çoğul isimlerde her iki taraf da çoğul olur.
• Boyfriends, travel agents, lady doctors
• Men drivers, women drivers
16) noun-prep-noun formatındaki bileşik isimlerin çoğulu ilk isim çoğul yapılarak elde edilir.
• Sisters-in-law (baldızlar) Ladies-in-waiting (bekleyen bayanlar)
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (sayılamayan isimler)
Sayılamayan isimler her zaman tekil yüklem alırlar, her determiner (these, those, every, each, either, ve neither gibi) ile kullanılmazlar. A/an almazlar. Önlerine daha çok some, any, enough, this, that, ve much gelir. Aşağıdaki isimler sayılmayanlar grubuna girer.
Gaz, sıvı, buz________________________________________partiküller Bazı yiyecekler imalat maddeleri aktiviteler________________________________________branşlar Soyut kavramlar________________________________________diller Dilimizde tekili çoğulu olabilenler
air
ice
oxygen
water
milk
wine
beer
________________________________________flour
rice
sugar
dust
hair cake
meat
cheese
food
cream cotton
wood
cloth
plastic
wool
steel
aluminium
metal
glass
leather
porcelain reading
boating
smoking
dancing
soccer
hockey
________________________________________electricity
biology
history
mathematics
economics
poetry weather
heat
sunshine
advice
experience applause
traffic
harm
publicity ________________________________________Chinese
Spanish
English luggage
equipment
furniture
homework
advice
soap
jewellery
Soyut isimler de sayılamayanlar grubuna dahildir.
peace
warmth
hospitality
information
anger
education
melancholy
softness
violence conduct
courage
leisure
knowledge
safety
shopping
justice
chaos
progress speed
experience
time
friendship
trouble
work
culture
virtue taste
evil
liberty
democracy
death
grief
piety
1) Normalde ancak sayılamayanlar ile kullanılabilecek determinerler ile kullanılırlar: Başlarına indefinite article (a/an) gelmez. Ancak informal English'teki aşağıdaki kullanıma dikkat.
I want some milk. (Biraz süt istiyorum)
I want a milk (=a bottle of milk vs.) (Bir bardak veya şişe süt itiyorum)
2) Sayılamayanların başına çeşitli şeyler eklenerek sayılabilir hale getirilirler. Bu bazen miktar belirtilmek istendiğinde zaruri olmaktadır.
a bit of news, a lot of bread, two loaves of bread
3) Sayılamayan isimler çoğul olarak veya başlarında a/an varken görüldüğünde burada anlamın artık değiştiği fark edilmelidir.
Her hair is black. (Saçı siyah)
I found a hair in my milk.(Sütümde bir kıl buldum)
Their house was made of wood. (Evleri ahşap)
We picnicked in the woods. (Koruluklar arasında piknik yaptık)
I had many horrifying experiences as a pilot. (Bir pilot olarak pek çok korkunç anılarım oldu)
This position requires experience. (Bu makam tecrübe gerektirmektedir)
4) Aşağıdaki bağlamlarda soyut kavramlar başlarına a/an alırlar.
A good map would be a help. (Bir harita iyi bir yardım olurdu.)
It was a relief to sit down. (Oturmak iyi bir rahatlama oldu)
POSSESSIVE (Sahiplik)
1) İsimler sahiplik durumunda bulunabilir ve bu insan ve hayvanlarda `s takısı ile yapılır.
the girl's name a woman's hat the horse's tail.
NOTE 1: Çoğul olan isimlerin ve aile isimlerinin sonuna apostrof (`) eklenir. Ancak s ile biten isimler 's almaya devam ederler.
these girls' names three women's hats two horses' tails
ancak
Arkansas's former governor the Marine Corps's policy
NOTE 2: Bu isimler bir relative clause ile niteleniyorsa of prepositionlu sahiplik kullanılır.
the name of the girls who passed the last exam
2) Nesneler, şeyler ve fikirler ise sahiplik durumlarını of prepositionu ile yaparlar.
the name of the book the owner of the restaurant
NOTE: Bu sahiplik durumları yerine isim tamlamaları kullanmak mümkündür.
The book name the restaurant owner.
3) Teşkilat isimleri için her iki yapı da mümkündür.
the government's decision the decision of government
the company's success the success of the company
4) Zaman ifadeleri `s takısı ile sahiplik kazanır.
yesterday's newspaper next week's meeting.
NOTE: Zaman ifadelerinde sahiplik kullanıldığında zaman belirten isimler çoğul olurlar. Ancak isim tamlaması yapıldığında isim yalın olarak kalır ve a/an article kullanılır.
Jill has got three weeks' holiday starting on Monday.
Jill has got a three-week holiday starting on Monday.
I've got a week's holiday starting on Monday.
I've got a one-week holiday starting on Monday.
It's only about 10 minutes' walk.
It's only a ten-minute walk.
5) N + prep + N şeklinde oluşan bileşik isimlerde sahiplik takısı sona eklenir.
My sister in law's car is on fire right now.
MODALLAR
Modallar yüklemin havasını, modunu belirtmek için kullanılan kiplerdir. Yüklemleri her zaman V1 durumundadır. Zaman zaman continuous olurlar.
Modals : Can, Could, May, Might, Should, Ought to, Must, Would, Will, Shall
Semi-modals : Dare, Need, Have to, Used to
Others : had better, be supposed to, be used to, be accustomed to etc.
CAN
ABILITY (Yeterlilik) (present) She can design well.
IMPOSSIBILITY (İmkansızlık) That cannot be Tom - He is in New York now.
POSSIBILITY (Olasılık) (present) Smoking can cause cancer.
Perhaps we can meet next week.
REQUEST (rica, istek) [Can I ]
OFFER (öneri) [Can I]
PERMISSION (İzin isteme / verme) Can I have some cake please?
Can I help you with those bags?
"Can I leave the class early?" "Yes, sure"
ORDER (kızarak birşey yapmasını isteme) If you carry on being horrible to your sister, Sophie, you can just go to bed! (Kızkardeşine kötü davranmaya devam edeceksen, doğru yatağa-gidebilirsin-)
SUGGESTION (tavsiye) You can try another store, if you want.
DISBELIEF (İnanamama) [can't] You cannot mean that. You must be kidding. (Bunu kastediyor olamazsın. Şaka yapıyor olmalısın)
INAPPROPRIACY/INACCURACY (Uygunsuzluk) [can't] You can't wear that dress. It is indecent. (Bu elbiseyi giyemezsin. Uygun/saygın değil.)
You cannot really call this small knife a gun. (Bu küçücük bıçağa bir silah diyemezsin/demen uygun değil.)
CAN'T HAVE V3
IMPOSSIBILITY (İmkansızlık) (Past) That cannot have been Tom because we knew he had gone to New York. (PAST) (Bunu yapmış olan Tom olamazdı, çünkü biliyorduk ki Tom New York'a gitmişti.)
NOT : Yeterlilik (ability) belirten CAN modalının kullanılamadığı yerlerde to be able to kullanılabilir.
To be able to sing well was not sufficient enough to make her famous singer. [to infinitive]
Will she be able to cope with the work? [future tense]
He's never been able to admit his mistakes. [present perfect tense]
I'm sorry that I wasn't able to phone you yesterday. [past tense]
It's so wonderful being able to see the sea from my window. [gerund]
Can't be doing with ST/ SB : Katlanamamak
I cannot be doing with people who complain all time. (Sürekli şikayet eden insanlarla yapamam/insanlara katlanamam)
COULD
ABILITY (Yeterlilik) (Past) She could play the guitar well when she was 7.
POSSIBILITY (olasılık) (Present) We could get married by next year. (Gelecek yıl evlenebiliriz)
REQUEST (Kibar rica) [Could you] Could you lend me £5?
PERMISSION (izin) [Could I] "Could I use your phone?" "Yes you could."
You said we could watch television when we've finished our homework.
SUGGESTION (öneri) We could have dinner, if you like. (Eğer istersen akşam yemek yiyebiliriz.)
NECESSITY (gereklilik) Well, you could try to look a little more enthusiastic! (Pekala, biraz daha istekli görünmeye çalışabilirsin)
COULD HAVE V3
IM/POSSIBILITY (olasılık) (Past) You couldn't have left your bag on the bus, could you? (Çantanı otobüste unutmuş olamazsın, değil mi?)
They told me that they had not received the letter yet. I could have sent the letter to a wrong address.
POSSIBILITY (olasılık) (Future) By this time next week, I could have left for Washington. (Gelecek hafta bu vakit itibariyle Washington'a doğru yola çıkmış olabilirim)
POSSIBILITY which didn't happen (Gerçekleşmemiş olasılık) (Past) We could/might have gone to Spain last year, but we went to Alanya instead. (Geçen yıl İspanya'ya gidebilirdik ama yerine Alanya'ya gittik.)
NECESSITY (gereklilik) I waited ages for you - you could've said that you weren't coming! (Ağaç oldum - gelmeyeceğini söyleyebilirdin)
COULD and WAS ABLE TO (=MANAGED TO)
Olumsuz cümlelerde aralarında fark olmasa da, olumlu cümlelerde BE ABLE TO ve/veya MANAGED TO ile COULD arasında kullanımlarında tercİh edİlme yerlerİ açısından farklar vardır:
a) Şu yüklemlerle hemen her zaman COULD: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand
We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake.
b) Geçmişteki genel yetenek veya izin durumunda COULD (general ability or permission in the past):
My grandfather could speak five languages. (general ability)
We were totally free. We could do what we wanted. (general permission)
c) Özel durumlarda (special situation), cümle pozitif ise WAS ABLE TO veya MANAGED TO:
The fire spread through the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to / managed to escape. (not could)
The fire spread through the building very quickly, unfortunately many peeople couldn't / was not able to escape. (in negative sentences both are possible)
COULD DO WITH ST= need ST
Your hair could do with a wash. (present) (Saçlarının yıkanmaya ihtiyacı var)
Your hair could have done with a wash yesterday.(past) (Saçlarının yıkanmaya ihtiyacı vardı)
MAY/MIGHT
POSSIBILITY (Olasılık) (present OR future) I'll write the date of the meeting in my diary, otherwise I may/might forget.
REQUEST (rica) (present) [May I]
OFFER (Teklif)
PERMISSION (İzin isteme-verme) May/might I use your phone?
May/Might I drive you home? (Sizi eve bırakabilir miyim?)
"May/Might I come in?" "You may come in if you want."
SUGGESTION (Öneri, tavsiye) I thought we might/may go to the zoo on Saturday.
(Düşündüm de Cumartesileri hayvanat bahçesine gidebiliriz)
MAY/MIGHT HAVE V3
POSSIBILITY (Olasılık) (PAST) She did not come to work yesterday. She may/might have been ill. (Dün işe gelmedi. Herhalde hastaydı.)
POSSIBILITY (Olasılık) (FUTURE) By next Friday I may/might/could have completed the report. (Gelecek cumaya kadar raporumu tamamlayabilirim)
POSSIBILITY which didn't happen
(Gerçekleşmemiş olasılık) (PAST) The plan might/could easily have gone wrong, but in fact it was a great success.
NOT:
1. May/Might I yaygın bir kullanımken, May/Might you şeklinde bir kullanım yoktur.
2. MAY / MIGHT (JUST) AS WELL madem öyle, yapmaktan bir kaybımız olmaz, yapalım bari anlamında kullanılır.
We have missed the bus. The next one comes next hour. We may as well walk.
If no one else wants this book we might as well give it to him.
3. may/might be Ving
a) şu andaki ihtimal
Don't phone him right now. Their new-born baby may/might be sleeping.
b) gelecek için olası plan
I may/might be going to Ireland in July.
4. May SB/ST do ST temenni, dua olarak kullanılır, devrik yapıdadır.
May God help you! (Tanrı sana yardım etsin)
May she rest in peace! (Huzur içinde yatsın)
5. Be that as it may = nevertheless, however
I know that he was tried hard; be that as it may, his work is just not good enough. (Biliyorum çok çabaladı ama basitçe söylemek gerekirse yaptığı iş yeterince iyi değil.)
MUST
NECESSITY (Zorunluluk-Gereklilik)
(PRESENT) You must be here by 10 o'clock. (=It's necessary that you be here by 10 o'clock. )
I must wash the car tomorrow.
You must wear these socks.
PROHIBITION (Yasaklama) You must not wear these socks.
You must not smoke in the classroom. It's strictly forbidden.
CONCLUSION (Sonuç çıkarma) After that long walking you must be tired now.
SUGGESTION (Tavsiye) He's very smart. You must meet him.
FRUSTRATION, ANNOYANCE (Öfke, kızgınlık) Must the media exaggerate so much? (Medya bu kadar abartmak zorunda mı?)
MUST HAVE V3
CONCLUSION (Sonuç çıkarma) John looks very tired this morning. He must not have slept last night. (John yorgun görünüyor. Dün gece uyumamış olmalı).
She got here very quickly. She must have walked very fast.
HAVE (GOT) TO
NECESSITY (Zorunluluk-Gereklilik)
(PRESENT) What time have you got to be there?
Do we have to finish this today? [present]
We'll have to start keeping detailed records. [future]
Jackie's ill so they've had to change their plans. [p. perf.]
Comparison: MUST vs. HAVE TO
MUST daha çok bireysel zorunluluklar ile ilgilenmekteyken HAVE TO Dışarıdan gelen, resmi, kurumsal zorunluluk ile ilgilenir. Ancak HAVE TO'nun her iki anlam için de kullanılması gittikçe yerleşmekte ve özellikle Amerikan İngilizcesinde MUST deyince akla ilk olarak sonuç çıkarma (conclusion) gelmektedir.
Nurses have to wear a uniform. [hastane düzeni]
Nurses must wear the same uniform. [birden fazla üniformalarının olması kafa karıştırıyor]
I have to collect the children from school at 3 o'clock. [okulun dağılma vakti saat 3]
I must collect the children. [Eşimin işi vardı, dolayısıyla ben almalıyım]
NOTLAR:
must [informal] zorunluluk anlamında bir isim
If you live in the country a car is a must. (Şehirde yaşıyorsan araba bir zorunluluk)
a must-do/-have/-see, etc. [informal] olmazsa olmaz anlamında
The cashmere scarf is this season's must-have. (Kaşmir eşarp bu mevsimin olmazsa olmazı)
It's a moderately entertaining film but it's certainly not a must-see. (Orta seviyede eğlenceli bir film fakat kesinlikle bir "illaki seyredilmeli" değil.)
SHOULD /OUGHT TO
DUTY, RESPONSIBILITY (görev, sorumluluk) "Should I apologize to him?" "Yes, I think you should."
You should be ashamed of yourselves.
NECESSITY (gereklilik) There should/ought to be an investigation into the cause of the disaster.
This computer isn't working as it should/ought to
SUGGESTION You should / ought to give him a chance.
PROBABILITY I enjoyed the first novel, so the new one should / ought to be good.
UNHAPPENED EXPECTATION : (PRESENT) gerçekleşmemiş beklenti. [should be Ving] She should be preparing the breakfast now. But she is sleeping instead. (Şu anda kahvaltı hazırlıyor olmalıydı ama onun yerine uyuyor).
OFFER, ASKING APPROVAL (teklifte bulunma, onay isteme) [Should we or I] It's rather cold in here. Should/Shall I (= Do you want me to) turn the heating on?
Shall/should I put these books over there?
If, in case, for fear that veya lest cümlelerinde
LESS POSSIBILITY (düşük ihtimal) If you should change your mind, let me know. (Fikrini değiştirisen haberim olsun)
Should anyone call, please tell them I'm busy. (Birileri ararsa, lütfen meşgul olduğumu söyleyin)
In case you should need my help, here is my number. (İşte numaram, olur ya yardımıma ihtiyacın olur.)
She gripped her son's arm lest he should be trampled by the mob. (Kalabalıkta çiğnenmesin diye oğlunun kolunu sıkıca tutu.)
SURPRISE (şaşırma) I was just getting off the bus when who should I see but my old school friend Pat! (Tam otöbüsten iniyordum ki kimi göreyim, eski okul arkadaşım Pat)
SHOULD HAVE V3
NECESSITY (gerçekleşmemiş gereklilik-sorumluluk-yükümlülük) (PAST) I had a test this morning. I did not do well. I should have studied last night. (Dün gece çalışmam gerekirdi.)
My back hurts. I should not have carried that heavy box. (Sırtım ağrıyor. O ağır kutuyu taşımam gerekirdi.)
EXPECTATION (beklenti) (FUTURE) The builders should/ought to have finished by the end of the week. (İnşaatçılar hafta sonu itibariyle işlerini bitirmiş olurlar / diye bekliyorum
SURPRISE (şaşırma) You should have seen her face when she found out we were kidding. (Şaka yaptığımızı farkettiğinde yüzünün halini görmeliydin.)
EXTRAS
a) British English'te I ve WE'den sonra would yerine [FORMAL and RARE]
I should like a whisky before I go to bed. (=I would like a whisky)
b) That clausedan önce, tavsiye, aciliyet veya önem belirten bir yüklem, bir isim veya bir sıfat varsa that clause'un yüklemi her koşulda "bare infinitive" olur veya önüne SHOULD gelir. Bkz. SUBJUNCTIVE
She recommended that Mr. Smith (should) take some time off.
In order that training (should) be effective it must be planned systematically.
c) OUGHT TO bitişiktir. Geçmişi OUGHT TO HAVE V3 şeklinde yapılır. NOT ought ile to arasındadır.
Such things ought not to be allowed. [ought not to]
He oughtn't to have been driving so far. [ought not to have V3]
d) HAD BETTER +V1 Tavsiye belirten should gibidir. Ancak daha informal bir kullanıma sahiptir.
You had better wear this suit. (Bu takımı giysen daha iyi olur.)
You had better not drink any more. You will drive. (içmesen daha iyi olur; araba kullanacaksın)
e) TO BE SUPPOSED TO DO beklenti belirten should gibidir. Daha resmidir, özellikle tarifeli (scheduled) eylemler için kullanılır. PAST olduğunda beklentinin gerçekleşmemiş olduğu anlaşılır:
The game is supposed to begin at 10:00. (Oyunun 10'da başlaması gerekiyor)
Jack was supposed to call me last night. I wonder why he didn't. (Jack'in dün beni araması gerekiyordu. Acaba niye aramadı?)
NEED
LACK OF NECESSITY (serbestlik, zorunluluk olmama hali) I can hear you. You needn't / don't need to / don't have to shout.
"Must I go?" "No, you needn't."
veya "Yes, you must"
NECESSITY (gereklilik zorunluluk) (PRESENT) I don't think we need / need to ask him.
"Need I go?" "No, you needn't."
veya "Yes, you must."
NEED + Ving (zorunluluk, pasif) This room needs brightening up a bit.
The batteries in the radio need changing. = (The batteries need to be changed.)
NEEDN'T HAVE V3
IN SOMETHING NOT NECESSARY, BUT DONE (gerekmediği halde yapilmiş şeylerde) [PAST] He needn't have taken the umbrella (=He took the umbrella, but this was not necessary)
NOT: NEEDN'T HAVE DONE ile DIDN'T NEED TO DO farklı anlamdadırlar. NEEDN'T HAVE DONE yapılması gerekmediği halde yapılmış olan işlerde kullanılır. Karşılaştınız:
He needn't have taken the umbrella. (=He took the umbrella, but this was not necessary)
He didn't need to take the umbrella. (=He did not take the umbrella as it was not necessary)
He didn't have to take the umbrella. (=He did not take the umbrella as it was not necessary)
• It was Sunday I didn't need to get up early. So I slept till 12 o'clock.
• It was Sunday. I needn't have got up early but I woke up at 7 o'clock since I had totally forgotten that it was Sunday.
WILL
FUTURE (Gelecek zaman) Clare will be five years old next month.
The train leaves at 8.58, so we'll be in Scotland by lunchtime.
I'll see him tomorrow./I'll be seeing him tomorrow.
It won't be easy to find another secretary.
There'll be trouble when she finds out.
WILLINGNESS (gönüllülük) I'll give you a lift. (Sizi ben bırakırım)
Ask Ian if he'll take the package. (Ian'a paketi almak isteyip istemediğini sorar mısın?)
The car won't start. (Çalışmaz bu araba)
REQUEST/INVITATION Will you give that to Tony when you see him, please?
Will you join us for a drink, Evie?
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Type I) If he's late again, I'll be very angry.
ORDER with anger or threat (kızgınlık veya tehdit taşıyan emirler) Will you stop being such a pain!
You'll go upstairs and you'll go straight to bed like your father told you!
CERTAINTY (kesinlik)
a) ALWAYS (her zaman veya genellikle öyle olan olaylarda) Accidents will happen.
Fruit will keep longer in the fridge.
The product with the better-known brand name will always sell better.
She's 85 now, but she will insist on doing all her own housework.
CERTAINTY (kesinlik)
b) LIKELY (yüksek olasılıktaki tahminlerde) That'll be Scott at the door.
That'll be his mother with him.
As you will all probably already know, election day is next week.
WILL HAVE V3
CERTAINTY (gelecekte belirli bir zamanda olacak veya tamamlanacak işlerde) By the time we get there, Jim will have left.
SHALL
FUTURE (Gelecek zaman) If you do that one more time, I shall be very cross.
I shall never forget you. (söz)
So we'll see you at the weekend, shall we (= is that right)?
I'm afraid I shall not/shan't be able to come to your party. (kanaat)
Don't worry, I shall be there to meet the train. (söz)
WILLINGNESS (gönüllülük) We shall (= intend to) let you know as soon as there's any news.
SUGGEST (öneri, teklif) [Shall I/we]
a) SHALL I / SHALL WE
b) LET's, SHALL WE? a) Shall we go out for dinner tonight?
Shall I pick the children up from school today?
b) Let's go by car, shall we?
"Shall we hire a car?" "Yes let's" or "No, let's not"
ASKING ADVICE [Esp BrE] What shall I wear to the party?
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Type I) If he's late again, I'll be very angry.
CERTAIN ORDER (kesin emirlerde) The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, unless accompanied by an adult. (FORMAL)
You shall go to the ball, Cinderella.
DARE
CESARET ETMEK (Çoğunlukla olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır. Olumsuz cümlelerde yüklemden önceki TO atılabilir.) She dare not complain. (modal)
She doesn't dare (to) complain. (yüklem)
I daren't/don't dare think how much it's going to cost.
Everyone in the office complains that he smells awful, but nobody dares (to) mention it to him.
BU NE CESARET [how dare...] How dare you! (Bu ne cürret, bu ne cesaret!)
How dare you read my diary!(Ne cesaretle günlüğümü okursun?)
How dare he tell me what to do!
CHALLANGE (Olumlu cümlelerde, HOW soruları hariç, meydan okumak anlamındadır.) "Why did he try to cross the river when the ice was so thin?" "Another boy dared him to do it."
Wear the low-cut blouse with your pink shorts - go on, I dare you!
NOT: DARESAY suppose (sanırım, galiba) anlamında
I daresay they'll serve us on the plane. (Sanırım bize uçakta servis yapacak)
WOULD
FUTURE in PAST (geçmişteki gelecek) [past of WILL] He said he would be here at 8 o'clock. (8'de burda olacağını söylemişti)
She hoped (that) we would come to her party.(Partisine geleceğimizi umuyordu.)
I thought that he would refuse your invitation. (Davetini reddedeceğini sanıyordum.)
WILLINGNESS (gönüllülük) She would not help me. (She refused to help)
The car would not start. (It refused to start)
POLITE REQUEST
a) [Would you...] Would you please pass the salt?
POLITE REQUEST
b) WOULD YOU MIND... "Would you mind if I left early?" "No, please"
"Would you mind leaving early?" "No, please"
POLITE REQUEST
c) IF YOU (JUST) WOULD... If you would sign the register (Please sign it)
If you'd just put your address on that back of the cheque. (Please write your address on its back.)
with CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Type II) She would look better if she had shorter hair. (=She would look better with shorter hair.)
(If I were you,) I would go on foot. (Yerinde olsam yürürdüm)
with WISH CLAUSES I wish you would be quiet for a minute. (Keşke 1 dakikalığına sussan.)
PAST HABIT (geçmişte kalmış alışkanlık) Weekends we would/used to cycle to the beach. (Hafta sonları sahile bisikletle giderdik.)
I used to have a Mercedes. (Burada would kullanamayız.)
Whenever we went to my Uncle Frank's house, we would/used to play in the garden.
WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER / WOULD JUST AS SOON
1) With a verb: [would rather do ST] (present) [would rather have done] (past) Yüklem yalın halde
I would rather read than walk. [PRESENT] (=I prefer reading to walking.)
We went by air, although I would rather have gone by sea. [PAST]
2.a) With a sentence, present time: [would rather SB did ST] kasıt PRESENT ama cümle simple past
I'd rather he went by bus. (present) (=I prefer him to go by bus.)
2.b) With a sentence, past: [would rather SB had done ST] kasıt PAST ama cümle past perfect
My friend took me to the student opera. I'd rather he had taken me to the theater instead.
NOTE: WOULD RATHER reported speech'te değişmez.
He said, "I'd rather go by bus." He said he'd rather go by bus.
WOULD LIKE / PREFER / LOVE = want WOULD HATE = don't want
a) kendilerinden sonra isim gelir
Would you like a sandwich? [Would you like ST]
Tom would like a lift today. (Present)
Would you like coffee or would you prefer tea? [would like ST]
b) kendilerinden sonra yüklem geldiğinde yüklem TO alır.
Would you like to come this way please? (Please come this way?)
Would you like to have a cup of coffee? [Would you like to do ST]
I would prefer to stay at home tonight rather than go to the cinema. [I would prefer to do ST than do ST]
If you would like to go concert I will get a ticket. [would like to do
NOT 1: Geçmişleri WANTED veya DIDN'T WANT şeklinde yapılır:
Tom would like a lift now.
Tom wanted a lift yesterday. (Past)
NOT 2: Bu yapıların perfectleri [would like to have done] unreal bir durum belirtir.
I would like to have written to him. (But this was not possible)
I would have liked a day off. (But I did not get it)
NOT 3: WOULD PREFER "to V1" Would Rather ise "to" olmaksızın "V1" alır.
I'm tired. I'd rather not go out tonight.
I'm tired. I'd prefer to stay at home tonight.
WOULD HAVE V3
with CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Type III) I would have applied the job, if I had seen the advertisement. (İlanı görseydim işe başvururdum)
USED TO ise bir semi-modaldır Geçmişteki alışkanlığı ifade eder. Olumsuzu Used not to/ usedn't/ didn't use to ile yapılmaktadır. En yaygın olarak didn't use to tercih edilir. Didn't used to da kullanılmakta ama yanlış kabul edilmektedir.
We used to have a railway station. But they closed it down.
BE/GET USED TO ST/ DOING ST (alışkın olmak, be kısmı çeşitli zamanlarda çekimli olabilir)
I'm used to weather in this country. [be used to ST]
I'm used to driving on the left since I've been living in England for 5 years. [be used to doing ST]
I was used to driving on the left when I was in England for 5 years.
I think I will be used to living in this city in 5 years.
I can get used to seeing your face. (joke) ( Yüzünü görmeye alışabilirim.)
BE/GET ACCUSTOMED TO ST / DOING ST
BE FAMILIAR WITH TO ST / DOING ST= (alışkın/aşina olmak)
I'm accustomed to tradition in this part of the world.
Are you familiar with the computer software they use?
NOT: GONNA= going to, GOTTA= have got to, WANNA= want to
GENEL OLARAK TENSE
Nedir? Ne işe yarar?
Olayın ne zaman gerçekleştiğini gösteren şeydir. Fiilin zamanını belirtir.
Neden / Nasıl isimlendiriliyorlar?
Present mevcut (şu anla ilişkili) V1
Past geçmiş (pass fiilinin V3 biçimi) V2
Future gelecek will + V1
Perfect tamamlanmış V3
Continuous/Progressive süreklilik gösteren Ving
Ana cümledeki yüklemler, yardımcı fiiller de dahil, tensin ismini oluştururlar. Am, is, are, have ve has yardımcı fiilleri (auxilary verbs) V1, was, were ve had yardımcı fiilleri ise V2 durumundadırlar.
Examples:
I have been watching TV. (present perfect continuous tense)
V1 V3 Ving
I will have finished my project by the time you graduate. (future perfect tense)
will+V1 V3
I had been working with her father for 35 years when my wife deserted me. (past perfect cont)
V2 V3 Ving
TÜM TENSELER
Future Future continuous Future perfect Future perfect continuous
Present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous
Past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous
NOTE: En kaba biçimiyle, tense uyumu siyah çizginin altı ve üstü ile belirlenir. Siyah çizginin üstündekiler kendi aralarında, altındakiler de kendi arasında birleşirler. Daha ayrıntılı olarak:
Temel cümlecik Yan cümlecik
Simple present Simple present
Future Simple present
Present perfect
Present continuous
Future perfect Simple present
Simple past Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past continuous Simple past
Past perfect Simple past
Past perfect continuous Simple past
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
FORM (yapı)
I, You, We, They V1 do
He, She, It V1 + (e)s does
1. Yüklem ve yardımcı fiil özneye göre şekil değiştirir.
I/you/we/they rely on what he/she says.
She relies what we say.
I don't know why she doesn't like my brother.
2. "Do" ve "does" yardımcı fiilleri düz cümlede yer aldığında vurgu ifade eder.
I do study on climate, I swear.
She does know everything about our relationship.
I, am
He, She, It is
You, We, They are
3. to be fiili present tense'te özneye göre am, is, are olur.
I am a doctor but he is a nurse.
USAGE (kullanım)
1. Alışkanlık, devamlı davranış (habitual)
I eat breakfast every morning.
2. Doğal gerçekler, bilimsel hakikatler (natural facts)
The earth revolves around the sun.
Coffee grows in Brazil.
3. Anlatım, öyküleme (spor müsabakası, masal, roman vs.)
The story begins with a murder.
Faith conquers Istanbul in 1453, and then rearranges the governing style.
4. Tarifeli düzenlemelerde (timetable and schedule)
Olay gelecek zamanda gerçekleşecek olmasına rağmen, özellikle
a) toplu taşıma araçlarının ayrılış-varış vakitleri,
b) resmi binalar, işyerleri ve okulların açılış kapanış saatleri
c) toplantı ve imtihanların vs. başlama-bitiş vakitleri
için kullanılır. Ortak özellikleri bu zamanların bir makamca önceden belirlenmiş olmasıdır.
The exam starts at 5 o'clock.
The train arrives on Monday next week.
Zaman yan cümle bağlaçları
When, after, before, once,
until, while, by the time
as soon as, whenever etc.
5. Zaman yan cümlesinde (in time clause)
Olay gelecek zamanda geçse bile zaman cümlecikleri içlerine will almazlar. Bunların yerine yan cümleciğin tensi present olur.
I will go to my parents after I have my breakfast.
I will have finished my Project by the time the manager returns from Canada.
6. If Clause'larda type I'in if-cümleciğinde, type 0'ın her iki tarafında yada benzer diğer conditional'larda will yer almaz, bu yapılarda present tense (veya present perfect tense) kullanırız.
If I see my doctor, I will complain about my finger pain.
If you smile, they smile, too.
I will not go unless she comes.
ZARF İPUÇLARI (sıklık ve devamlılık belirten zaman zarfları)
Sıklık belirten zarflar
always,
usually,
often, frequently
sometimes, occasionally
rarely, seldom, never Every (day, week, year etc.)
Every other day (gün aşırı)
Every single day (her Allah'ın günü)
Once/twice a day/year etc
three/five times a day/week etc.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM (yapı)
1. Amn't diye bir kullanım yoktur: Zorunluluk durumunda, mesela tag question durumunda, aren't bunun yerine kullanılır.
I am looking after my baby well, aren't I?
2. state verbs (durum belirten fiiller): Continuos tense'lerle kullanılmayan yüklemler vardır.
agree, assume, believe, belong to, contain, cost, disagree, feel, hate, have, hope, know, like, look, love, own, prefer, realise, regret, resemble, smell, taste etc
GENEL BIR TASNIF Mental states
know, think, realize, believe etc.
Emotional states
like, love, hate, dislike, envy, surprise, astonish, enjoy etc.
Possession states
have, own, belong to, possess
Sense perceptions
taste, smell, feel, see, hear
Others
seem, sound, resemble, look, appear, look like etc.
a) Bunlar hiçbir continuous tense ile kullanılmazlar. Ancak gerund veya participle olabilirler.
I am knowing everything. [YANLIŞ]
Knowing everything is impossible. [DOĞRU] [gerund]
A company knowing everything about its workers can be dangerous. [DOĞRU] [participle]
b) Yukarıdaki fiillerin bir kısmı state verb olan anlamlarının dışında da anlamlara sahiptir, diğer anlamaları continuous yapılarla kullanılıyor olabilir.
This food tastes disgusting.
My mother is tasting your soup now, father.
It smells horrible. Why are you smelling it every minute?
I think you are a dumb.
They are thinking about sending a spaceship to the moon.
I am thinking about my future.
I see three women walking right now.
I am seeing you there in 5 minutes.
You look very angry right now.
Yes, you are looking at a very-angry-man right now.
We have an apartment in Adana.
I am having a hard time with this naughty kid.
USAGE (kullanım)
1. halihazırdaki eylem
The students are sitting at their desks right now.
2. Şu anda değil, ancak şu sıralarda yapılan eylem (süreklilik gerektirir)
This student is taking five courses this semester.
They are working hard to pass the exam.
3. Planlanmış gelecek (kişisel)
Gelecek zaman belirten bir zarf ile birlikte kullanılır. "to be going to do" kalıbıyla yakın anlamlıdır.
"What are you doing next Sunday?" "I am playing tennis next Sunday."
I am seeing Mr. Johnson at 5 o'clock tomorrow evening.
NOT: Kontrol edemediğimiz olaylar için bu yapıyı kullanamayız. Kişisel olaylarda, önceden planlanmışlık varsa kullanabiliriz.
It is raining tomorrow. [Yanlış]
It is going to rain tomorrow. [Sadece hava tahminci isek veya bir bilgiye istinaden konuşuyorsak]
4. Sıklık belirten zaman zarflarıyla kullanıldığında (özellikle always) şikayet ve sızlanma anlamına gelir.
I am always/constantly/forever picking up your dirty socks.
NOT: Past continuous ile de bu anlamda kullanılır.
I had a roommate last year. She was always leaving her dirty clothes on the floor.
5. to be+being+adj Kendisinden beklenmeyen bir davranışı kişi göstermeye başladığında kullanılır.
Nowadays you are being very selfish.
NOT: Her sıfat ile kullanılmaz. Dolayısıyla
You are being very old. [YANLIŞ, eğer mizahi bir kullanım yoksa]
ZARF İPUÇLARI
"şu an" veya "bu aralar" anlamındaki zarflar Süreklilik belirten zarflar
At the moment, at the time being, at the present, currently, just, still, now, right now, nowadays, these days etc. More and more
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Türkçe'de karşılığı olmayan bir tenstir. Eski Türkçe'de ve halen bazı ağızlarda kullanılan "Annen eve gelik mi?, Yoğurdu yapık mı? Çocuğa bakık mı?" şeklindeki kullanımlar yardımcı olabilir. İş geçmişte başlamış ve şu anda tamamlanmıştır. Aslolan işin zamanı değil, kendisidir veya gerçekleştirilip gerçekleştirilmediğidir.
I, You, We, They have
He, She, It has
FORM (yapı)
1. Yardımcı fiil özneye göre değişir.
She has gone to Izmir.
They have gone to Izmir.
USAGE (kullanım)
1. Etkisi hala devam etmekte olan geçmiş kökenli eylem.
We have been abroad for years. (Yıllarca yurtdışında bulunduk)
Have you passed the exam? (Sınavı geçtin mi?)
I have never gone to Izmir.
I have never been to Izmir.
She has been to Izmir. (Şimdiye kadar İzmir'de bulunmuşluğu vardır. Şu anda değil)
She has gone to Izmir. (Şu anda İzmir'de veya İzmir yolunda.)
We have beaten the Samsunspor. (Kutlama hala sürüyor veya yeni olay)
Karşılaştırınız
I have lost my keys. (Anahtarlar hala kayıp)
I lost my keys. (Anahtarları bir ara kaybetmiştim.)
Bill has won several races on this horse. (Bill hala yarışıyor.)
Bill won several races on this horse. (Bill artık yarışmıyor, veya bu atla yarışmıyor.)
2. Yeni olay
Have you heard the news? Someone has killed the Prime minister. (Haberi duydun mu? Biri başbakanı öldürmüş.)
3. the best/first + N + present perfect/(continuous)
Sıralama sayısı ve superlative sıfat almış isimlerin relative clause'larındaki tense present perfecttir.
This is the first time (that) I have eaten such a delicious apple.
You are the most beautiful girl (that) I've ever seen.
This is the third time (that) Jim has been phoning. (Telefon o anda çalıyor)
NOTLAR
1. Present Perfect ile sorulan soruya Simple Past ile yanıt verilebilir.
Tense geçmişe ait bir tarih veya zaman zarfıyla kullanılmaz. Ancak zaman belirtmek için present perfect ile sorulan bir soruya simple past ile cevap verilebilir.
Have you found your keys?
Yes, I found them yesterday morning.
2. Present Perfect ve zaman zarfı
Tense geçmişe ait tarih veya zamanla kullanılamaz. Eğer vakit verilmiş ise, hala o vaktin içinde olunduğu anlaşılır. Karşılaştırınız:
Have you read the paper this morning? (Hala sabah)
Did you read the paper this morning? (Aynı gün ancak artık sabah değil)
I haven't shaved today. (Henüz tıraş olmadım. Hala olabilirim.)
I didn't shave today. (Her zamanki tıraş vaktimi geçirdim. Bugün tıraş olmayacağım)
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE İLE SIK KULLANILAN ZAMAN ZARFLARI
So far, up to now, until now
In/over/during the last/past few days/weeks/months etc.
Lately, recently
Before (now)
Since, for
Today, this morning/week/year etc.
Several times this week/month/year etc
Still, yet, already, just
NOT: Bu zaman zarflarının bir kısmı farklı tenseler ile de kullanılabilir. İnceleyiniz.
SO FAR, UP TO NOW, UNTIL NOW
• He has mended many cars so far/up till now.
OVER/IN/DURING THE PAST/LAST FEW YEARS ETC
• Prices have fallen sharply over the past six months.
• I've met a lot of people in the last few days.
TODAY, THIS MORNING/WEEK/YEAR ETC.
• I've written three letters this morning.
• Ron hasn't worked very hard this term.
EVER-NEVER
• "Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)" "No, never."
Compare (simple past-present perfect)
"Ever" ve "never" simple past ile geçmişteki alışkanlık için kullanırlar.
• Did you ever go to the cinema? [simple past] (Hiç sinemaya gider miydiniz?)
• When he was young, he never bothered too much about his appearance. [simple past] (Gençken asla görüntüsüyle bu kadar uğraşmazdı.)
extra
1. not ever & never: hiç bir zaman, asla, hiç
Nothing ever happens here. (Burada hiçbirşey asla olmaz)
Don't you ever get tired? (Hiç yorulmaz mısın?)
I'll never ever do that again! [informal] (Bunu bir daha asla yapmayacağım)
2. ever: herhangi bir zaman
If you're ever in Miami, come and see us? (Eğer bir vakit Miami'ye gelirsen, gelip bizi gör)
3. ever: her zaman
He said he would love her for ever.
She married the prince and they lived happily ever after.
Paul, ever the optimist, agreed to try again.
LATELY
• Have you seen Robert lately? (not Did you)
with different tense
• She had lately returned from India. [mid position ] [past perfect]
• It is only lately that she has been well enough to go out. (Ancak son zamanlarda dışarı çıkabilecek kadar iyi oldu)
RECENTLY
• A new school has recently opened in New Road. [present perfect] [mid position]
• Have you used this computer recently? [present perfect]
with different tense
• I saw Dave recently. [simple past]
BEFORE
• Nothing like this has happened before. [before=before now] [present perfect]
with different tense
• Why didn't you ask me before? [before=before then] [simple past]
FOR
• He has been abroad for 8 years. [for+time]
compare
• I have studied on this major since 1997. [since +date/event]
• I have studied on this major for 5 years. [for+time/period itself]
with different tense
• He worked for this factory for 8 years. [simple past]
extra
• We must begin planning now, for the future may bring unexpected changes. [for=because] [başta yer almaz]
Not: Before, for, recently sıklıkla hem present perfect hem de simple past ile kullanılırlar
ALREADY
• The cease-fire has already been violated. (Ateşkes çoktan/zaten/halihazırda ihlal edildi) [Pre. Perfect]
with different tense
• The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema. (Sinemaya gittiğimizde film çoktan/zaten başlamıştı) [Past Perfect]
• Shall I tell Liz the news or does she already know? [Present]
SINCE
• He has been in Çanakkale since 1996. [since + date]
• I met Freddie in June and I haven't seen him since (then) [since / since then]
• They haven't quarreled since they left school. [present perfect +since+ simple past]
• "They've split up." "Since when?"
• They were divorced three years ago, and she has since remarried. [mid position]
• The original building has long since been demolished. [mid position]
with different tense
• Since I've lived here, I haven't seen my neighbours. [present perfect+since+present perfect] [ender; ancak since-cümlecik ve ana cümle eylemi şu anda devam ediyorsa kullanılabilir]
• Since the party she had only spoken him once. [past perfect +since+any date/event]
extra
• Since when did he ever listen to me? (Ne zaman beni dinledi ki?) [kızgınlık]
• We thought that, since we were in the area, we would stop by and see them. [since=because]
note
1. Aşağıdaki durumda "since" zaman bağlacından önceki cümle present iken sonraki cümle past veya present perfect olabilir. Bazıları since-cümlesinin present perfect olmasını doğru kabul etmez.
• It is five years since I last saw Murat. [It is ... time since + simple past]
• How long is it since we last went to the theatre? [It is ... time since + simple past]
• It is five years since I have seen Murat. [It is ... time since + present perfect]
YET
1. I haven't made up my mind yet. (Henüz karar vermedim). [Pre. Perfect]
2. We have yet to decide what action to take. =We haven't decided what action to take yet. [have yet to do=haven't done yet]
with different tense
• I'm hungry. Is dinner ready yet? (Açım, yemek henüz/hala hazır değil mi?) [present]
extra
1. NOW
a) şimdi, daha, henüz
Don't go yet? (Daha/şimdi gitme?)
We don't need to start yet. (Şimdi/daha/henüz başlamamız gerekmiyor)
b) hala, daha, henüz
There is time yet. (Hala/daha/henüz vakit var)
He is yet a child. (Hala/daha/henüz çocuk)
2. NEVERTHELESS, BUT
a) eninde sonunda
We'll go there yet. (Eninde sonunda oraya gideceğiz)
b) ama
It is strange, yet true. (Garip ama gerçek)
He's overweight and bald, (and) yet somehow, he's incredibly attractive.
3. MORE
Yet another diet book. (Yeni bir diyet kitabı daha)
Snow, snow and yet more snow (kar kar ve hala kar)
STILL
• I still haven't reached my aim. [Pre. Perfect] [before a negative auxiliary verb]
• I haven't still reached my aim. [YANLIŞ]
with different tense
1. You are still talking. [present continuous]
2. Jack lost his job a year ago and is still unemployed. [Present]
3. Although he promised to come, I still didn't think he would.[simple past]
compare
• I wrote to him last week. He hasn't replied yet. [Hala yanıt bekliyorum]
• I wrote to him months ago and he still hasn't replied. [şu ana kadar cevap yazmalıydı]
extra
• "Still" aynı zamanda Sessiz, sakin, kımıldamayan, durgun vs anlamında sıfattır ve zarftır.
Still water (durgun su)
a still summer's day (rüzgarsız bir yaz günü)
the still of the night (gecenin sessizliği)
Still water runs deep. (Durgun su derin akar; yumuşak atın çiftesi pek olur)
Do you sit still please? (Lütfen biraz sakince oturur musun?)
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
USAGE (Kullanım)
1. Geçmişte başlayıp belirli bir süre devam etmiş eylemin süreci sorulur veya belirtilirken kullanılır. Eylem devam etmektedir veya etmesi muhtemeldir.
How long have you been learning English?
He's been watching television all day.
She has been playing volleyball since she was eight.
2. Geçmişte başlayıp belirli bir süre devam etmiş eylemin etki veya izleri şu anda gözükmektedir. Eylem devam etmeyebilir.
You are out of breath. Have you been running?
Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
CLUES: İPUÇLARI
How long, for, since
Not:
Present Perfect Tense how much, how many (ne kadar) veya how many times (kaç kez) durumlarını sormak ve söylemek için kullanılırken, Present Perfect Continuous Tense how long (ne zamandır) durumunu sormak ve söylemek için kullanılır.
How long have you been reading that book?
Mary is still writing letters. She's been writing letters all day.
They've playing tennis since 2 o'clock. How many pages of that book have you read?
Mary has written ten letters today.
They've played tennis three times this week.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
FORM
Vurgu için yardımcı fiil olumlu cümlede kullanılır.
He did break the vase.
USAGE (Kullanım)
1. Geçmişte yaşanmış bitmiş olaylar.
I met him in 1996. (zaman zarfı)
I met him when he visited the Prime Minister. (zaman zarf cümlesi)
2. Geçmiş alışkanlık (habitual)
a) used to
He used to smoke 30 cigarettes a day.
a) sıklık zarfları ile
He smoked 30 cigarettes a day until he gave up.
They never visited their grandmothers.
Did you ever watch TV when you had some guests?
I always drank milk for my breakfast in the village.
3. UNREAL SITUATINOS ve It's time: Yapının simple past ancak anlamın şu anı (present) kastettiği kullanımlar,
a) wish clause
It's a pity you don't know how to type. I wish you knew how to type.
b) if only= I wish
If only your mother were alive now.
c) would rather, would sooner, would just as soon
My father is going to sell his old car, but I'd rather he didn't.
d) If clause
If I had one million dollars now, I would buy a new jeep.
If he were to invite us again, it would be a big surprise.
e) as if, as though
We know that he is guilty, but he acts as if he were innocent.
f) It is (high) time
Children! It is 12 o'clock right now. It is (high) time you went to bed.
g) Would you mind if
Would you mind if I left the meeting early?
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
USAGE (Kullanım)
1. Geçmişteki bir olay veya anla kıyaslandığında belirli bir suredir devam etmekte olan olaylar için kullanılır.
a) geçmişte o anla eş zamanlı olarak
While I was watching TV, he was studying his lesson.
At eight o'clock I was having breakfast.
b) geçmişte o andan önce başlamış olarak
Just as I was getting into the house, I heard an explosion.
When I arrived, he was reading a book.
While/as/when I was walking in the park I saw two men fighting.
Compare:
When he saw the murderer, he called the police.
When he saw the murderer, he was calling the police.
İki taraf da simple past ise when bağlaçlı taraf daha önce gerçekleşmiştir.
2. Geçmişe ait anlatı
Tom was reading and I was watching.. Suddenly the doorbell rang. We both looked up.
3. Geçmişteki tedrici/peyderpey/zamanla değişimlerde
It was getting darker.
The wind was rising.
More and more men were coming.
4. kibar isteklerde. Burada anlam şimdiki zamandır. (I was thinking/wondering)
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. (Rica etsem beni arabanızla bir yere bırakabilir misiniz?)
PAST PERFECT TENSE
USAGE (Kullanım)
1. Geçmişteki bir olay veya andan daha önce gerçekleşmiş veya o anda bitmiş olaylar için kullanılır. Yalnız başına kullanılmaz. Ya Past bir cümleyle bağlıdır veya zaten past olan bağlamda bir geriye dönüş yaşanmıştır.
By the time I returned home he had already left.
When/After he (had) completed his project, he took his annual leave.
Before the police arrived, the thieves had already gone away.
She had been married for 7 years when her son was born
I came to the city when I was young. I hadn't had any business experience but I became rich in 5 years.
Not:
no sooner than
no sooner + past perfect + than +simple past
She had no sooner finished cooking than her friend came in. [normal:regular]
No sooner had she finished cooking than her friend came in. [devrik: inverted]
hardly/scarcely when/before
no sooner + past perfect + when/before +simple past
Jim had hardly/scarcely reached London when he was called back. [normal:regular]
Hardly had Jim reached London when he was called back. [devrik: inverted]
Hardly had a moment passed before the door creaked open.
2. Geçmişte UNREAL durumlar: Yapının past perfect ancak anlamın past'ı kastettiği kullanımlar
a) wish clause
It's a pity you were absent from the meeting yesterday. I wish you had been present.
b) if only= I wish
If only he had studied his lessons instead of wasting of time.
c) would rather, would sooner, would just as soon
My friend took me to the student opera. I'd rather he had taken me to the theater instead.
d) If clause
If he had studied hard last year, he could have passed all his exams.
e) as if, as though
She acts as if nothing had happened yesterday.
3. Reported speech durumunda hem pastın hem de present perfectin geçmişi olarak kullanılır.
"I have read five books so far." "She said she had read five books until that time."
"I read five books in 2002." "She said she had read five books in 2002."
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
USAGE (Kullanım)
1. Geçmişteki bir olay veya andan daha önce süreklilik gösterip olay anında bitmiş ancak izlerin belirli olduğu olaylar. Yalnız başına kullanılmaz. Ya Past bir cümle veya past bir bağlam söz konusudur.
When he first met me, I had been working as a teacher (for five years}.
It had been snowing since Wednesday, so we couldn't go out.
Burt was so angry. He had been looking for you everyday for a week.
2. past perfect continuous, present perfect continuous tense'in past şeklidir.
Her eyes are red because she has been crying.
Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
compare:
When we met Simon and Pat, they had been riding. (=we met after they had finished)
When we met Simon and Pat, they were riding. (=we met while they were riding)
When I got home, water had been leaking through the roof. (=it was no longer leaking when I got there)
When I got home, water was leaking through the roof. (=it was leaking when I got there)
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
FORM
1. I ve we için shall ve shan't kullanılabilir. Ancak artık çok nadiren karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
When I retire, I shall/will have more time for painting.
The stronger we are, the more we shall/will be able to help others.
USAGE (Kullanım)
1. Anlık kararlarda (decision at the time of speaking)
I'm afraid we are lost. I'll stop and ask the way.
"Is that the phone?" "Don't worry. I'll get it."
It's late. I think I'll go to bed now.
2. Geleceğe yönelik tahmin, varsayım ve şüphe için (prediction)
I imagine the stadium will be full for the match on Saturday.
Why not come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you again.
Next year, no doubt, more people will enter the competition as the prize money increases.
I'm afraid they won't be able to complete the marathon.
Probably/possibly/perhaps the company will need new employees.
3. Sözlerde (promise)
"I'll be back soon," she promised.
I guarantee that you'll enjoy the party.
4. gönüllülük (willingness)
I'll check this letter for you, if you want.
Sam won't go to the dentist. He simply refuses to make an appointment.
CLUES: İPUÇLARI
Soon, before long, shortly
Next week/month/year etc.
Tomorrow
John is out, but he'll be back soon. (John dışarıda ama az sonra geri gelecek)
Could you wait for a while? I'll be with you shortly. (Biraz bekleyebilir misiniz? Az sonra sizinle ilgileneceğim)
It seems to me that there will be serious conflict before long. (Bana öyle geliyor ki çok geçmeden/kısa zaman içinde ciddi bir çatışma olacak)
He will go to Poland next week. (Gelecek hafta Polonya'ya gideceğiz)
NOT: Adverbial Clauses of Time ve Conditional Clause'larda will kullanılmaz.
a) Adverbial Clauses of Time
After you go another 50 meters, you'll see a path to your left.
When you see Dennis, tell him he still owes me some money.
Wait here until I call you.
b) Conditional Clauses (if, unless, in case, provided)
Let me know if he says anything interesting.
Provided the right software is available, I should be able to solve the problem.
I'll bring a compass in case we get lost.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
USAGE (Kullanım)
1. Gelecekte belirli bir anda bir müddet boyunca olacak olay için.
Next Friday, the President will be celebrating ten years in power.
The plane will be traveling at twice the speed of sound when it passes overhead.
I will be saying more about that topic in my next lecture.
2. Gelecekteki olay önceden alınmış bir karar veya düzenlemenin bir sonucu olarak vuku bulacağında (previous decision or arangement)
She will be performing every day until the end of the month. (part of a schedule)
I'll be seeing Tony on Tuesday. That's when we usually meet.
Compare
present continuous [for future] and future continuous
a) Genel olarak ikisi de düzenlenmiş veya kararlaştırılmış gelecekteki işler için kullanılır.
We will be/are leaving for Istanbul at 7.00 in the evening.
Professor will be/is giving the first presentation at the conference.
b) Ancak şaşırtıcı ve beklenmedik olaylarda Present Continuous tercih edilir..
Have you heard the news? Dr Radford is leaving. (rather than will be leaving)
CLUES: İPUÇLARI
This time tomorrow/next week etc.
This time tomorrow, I'll be driving to Bodrum.
Compare
Future continuous and will
Ann will help us organize the party.
(=She is willing to help) Ann will be helping us to organize the party.
(a previous arrangement)
Will you come to the concert?
(an invitation) Will you be coming to the concert?
(asking about a possible previous arrangement)
We'll join you in half an hour.
(=I have just decided) We'll be joining you in half an hour.
(a previous arrangement)
SIMPLE FUTURE: decisions, willingness to do things, inviting, promising
FUTURE CONTINUOUS: events/actions previously arranged
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
USAGE (kullanım)
1. Gelecekte belirli bir zamanda bitmiş olaylar için kullanılır.
Let's hope the volcanic eruption will have finished before we arrive on the island.
Although people are now angry about what he did, I'm sure this behavior will soon have been forgotten.
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
In fifty years' time, the population of Turkey will have risen to 100 million.
2. Bu tense 'by now' ile yüksek olasılıklı tahmin için kullanılır.
He will have arrived home by now. (Şu an itibariyle eve varmıştır)
NOT: Bir gelecek zaman zikredilir.
CLUES (İPUÇLARI)
When/before /at the time
Soon
By the time
In (a week's etc) time
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
USAGE (kullanım)
1. Gelecekte belirli bir zamanda bir müddet davam edip bitmiş olaylar için
On Saturday, we will have been living in this house for a year.
Next year I will have been working in the company for 30 years.
NOT: Gelecekte bir zaman ve bir periyot zikredilir.
NOT: "State verbs" continuous olmaz.
• Next month I will have known Derek for 20 years. (notwill have been knowing..)
GOING TO DO
FORM
to be going to do
USAGE (kullanım)
1. Düzenlenmiş VEYA niyetlenilmiş gelecek olaylar için (intended or arranged) Bu yönüyle Future Continuous ve gelecek için kullanılan Present Continuous ile benzeşir.
She's going to make/making a speech at the conference next week.
I'm tired. I'm not going to work/working any more tonight.
2. Geleceğe yönelik delilli tahminlerde. Present continuous bu amaçla kullanılmaz. Will tercih edilmese de kullanılır, özellikle FORMAL ifadelerde.
Look at the sky. I think it's going to / will rain soon.
Scientists say that the satellite is going to / will fall to Earth some time this afternoon.
Compare
a. Present Continuous kesin düzenlemelerde (definite arrangement), Going To ise niyetlerde (intention) tercih edilir.
I'm still not feeling very well, so I think I'm going to see the doctor some time this week. (rather thanI think I'm seeing the doctor)
We're having a party on Sunday, 12th November. Can you come? (rather thanWe're going to have)
b. going to + go birleşmesinden sakınılır.
I'm going to town on Saturday. (rather thanI'm going to go to)
c. going to + be kullanılır, to be being farklı anlamdadır.
John is going to be a shepherd in the school play next week. (not John is being a shepherd)
You are being very selfish. (You are behaving selfishly)
3. was/were going to geçmişte niyetlenilmiş/düzenlenmiş ancak -çoğunlukla- gerçekleşmemiş eylemler için kullanılır.
I had bought a new camera. I was going to take pictures during our trip.
BE TO DO (I am to do)
FORM
1. negatiflerde not to'dan önce gelir.
You are not to leave.
You are to not leave (YANLIŞ)
USAGE (Kullanım)
1. Resmi düzenlemeler, komutlar, talimatler için kullanılır. will, must veya should gibi anlamlar verir.
Children are not to be left unsupervised in the museum. (must) [order/instruction]
The medicine is to be taken after meals. (should) [instruction]
The European Parliament is to introduce a new law on safety at work. (will) [official arrangement]
NOT: Bu yapıyı sadece insanlarca kontrol edilebilecek şeyler için kullanabiliriz.
• We don't know where the meteorite is going to land. (notthe meteorite is to land)
2. Koşullu cümlelerin if-cümleciğinde kullanılır ve "if cümleciğindeki koşul sağlanmak isteniyorsa ana-cümledeki eylem yapılmalıdır," şeklinde anlam verir. Normal koşullu cümlelerde if-cümleciği gerçekleştiğinde ana-cümledeki eylem oluşur şeklinde anlam vardır.
The law needs to be revised if justice is to be done. (Eğer adaletin gerçekleşmesi gerekiyorsa, yasa gözden geçirilmeli)
Compare
Jones needs to improve his technique if he is to win gold at the next Olympics.
Jones will retire from athletics if he wins gold at the next Olympics.
GEÇMİŞTEN GÖZÜKEN GELECEK
(The future seen from the past)
The future from now The future from the past
The new computer will arrive next week. Our computer was broken and we hoped the new one would arrive soon.
I am going to grow tomatoes and carrots this summer. During the winter I decide that I was going to grow tomatoes and carrots when the summer came.
I'm collecting my mother from the station this afternoon. I left the meeting early because I was collecting my mother at 3.30.
As it's raining, I think I'll be going home by taxi. Jane she said that she would be going home by taxi because of rain.
The exam will have finished by 3 o'clock, so I'll see you then. The exam was so easy that most people would have finished after 30 minutes.
The Prime Minister has announced that there is to be an election on may 1st. I was on holiday in Greece when I heard there was to be an election back home.
The workers are to be transferred to a new factory on the outskirts of town. She was given a tour of the factory where she was later to be transferred.
The performance is about to begin. Please take your seats, ladies and gentlemen. The performance was about to begin when someone started screaming.
Compare
Was/were to do ST vs was/were to have done ST
Was/were to do ST gerçekleşmiş olaylar için kulanılırken, was/were to have done ST düzenlenmiş veya planlanmış ancak gerçekleşmemiş olaylar için kullanılır.
At the time she was probably the best actor in the theater company, but in fact some of her colleagues were to become much better known.
He was to find out years later that the car he had bought was stolen.
I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.
There was to have been a ban on smoking in restaurants, but restaurant owners have forced the council to reconsider.
Eş zamanlı Daha önce
do have done
to do to have done
doing having done
alcpt:american language placement test 35. buklet 100.buklet arası lazım şuan 1.ve 35.buklet arası 3500 soru zaten çalışıyorum.sonrası lazım ilgili arkadaşlara şimdiden teşekkürler.